Comm

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Classes of drugs

Back 1

Class I -investigational use only
class II - must be prescribed inwriting ; cannot be refilled
Class III and IV - can be called in and refilled
Class V depending on state law can be filled in small quantities without prescription

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Which trumps which - state law or federal law

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whichever is more strict

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What is the power of a test

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power of a test is function of sample size, the magnituede of experimental efect and the efficiency of a test.
efficiency of a test depends on the assumptions made by the test. - more assumption beget higher efficency but are more prone to miselading results if assumption are not met

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Which have higher efficiency - parametric test or nonparametric tests

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Parametric tests (t-test, ANOVA, MANOVA, have higher efficiency than corresponding nonparametirc tests (U-test, H-test, Frieman's test)

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What does positive correlation mean?

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If the dependent variable increases as does hte independn variable correlation is positive

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DEA Regulations

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Must have full state licensure
Must have state BNDD or equivalent if applicable
Must have separate DEA # for each state
Must have separate DEA # for each office in which narcotics are inventoried or dispensed

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What is a type II error

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Probability of rejecting the alternative hypothesis when it actually true

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Why do you useparametric tests test, what are some?

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Parametric tests (t-test, ANOVA, MANOVA) have higher efficiency than corresponding nonparametric tests (U-test, H-test, Friedman’s test)
The above tests evaluate the significance of differences between two or more populations

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The lower the p-value of a test, ...

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The lower the p-value of a test, the more significant the result

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What does discriminant analysis address?

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Discriminant analysis addresses the question: are there k independent populations in the sample?

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How does variability of data affect power of test

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the mor

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What does factor analysis address?

Back 12

What does factor analysis address?

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What are primary , secondary and tertiary prevention?

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Primary prevention: efforts to prevent diesease before it occurs, secondary prevention, refers to screening or disease precursors in order to institure treatment before symptoms occur, tertiary prevention referst efforts to arrest or retard the efects of a condition already established.

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What tests are exquisitely sensitive to massive outliers

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parametric tests

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What are H0 and H1

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H0 is the null hypothesis (usually that there is no difference between groups, no experimental effect, etc)

H1 is the alternate hypothesis (usually that there is a difference between groups, an experimental effect exists, etc)

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What is a type I error

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A type I error occurs when H0 is rejected when it is true (H1 accepted when false

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What is a type II error

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A type II error occurs when H0 is accepted when it is false (H1 rejected when true)

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What is p-valuse

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P-value = probability of committing a type I error

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Confidence intervals

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The range about a measured value required for a given level of confidence that the true value lies within that interval
The width of confidence intervals decrease as does the probability constraint and vice-versa

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Kurtosis

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Kurtosis is a measure of the peakedness of a (normal) curve

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Homoskedasticity

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Homoskedasticity refers to equality of variances

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What is left and right skewedness

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Left skewness refers to a curve with a tail pointing toward the left (smaller values); the mean is greater than the median
Right skewness is the logical opposite of left skewness

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Law of large numbers: weak form

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Weak form: As the sample size increases, the mean of the sample approaches the mean of the population

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Law of Large Numbers: strong form

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Strong form: As the sample size increases, the probability that there is a difference between the mean of the sample and the mean of the population approaches zero

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The Central Limit Theorem

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The means of repeated random samples drawn from any population, whatever its distribution, are randomly distributed

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Expected Value

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The expected value of event A, E(A), is the probability of event A occurring x the payoff if event A occurs

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Chi-square asesses...

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Chi- square assesses smple for differnce in observed vs. expected performance.
Chi square is one fo the least effient and most robust tests

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Incidence

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Incidence – The number of new cases per time unit/population metric

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Prevalence

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Prevalence – Number of cases of disease at any one moment/population metric

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Sensitivity

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Sensitivity: TP/(TP + FN)

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Specificity

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Specificity: TN/(TN + FP)

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Negative predictive value

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Negative predictive value = TN/(TN + FN)

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Positive predictive value

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Positive predictive value = TP/(TP + FP)

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how are negative and positive predictive value affected by prevalence of disease.

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Negative predictive value increases as the prevalence of disease decreases
Positive predictive value increases as the prevalence of disease increases

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What is relative risk

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RR = P(D|TP)/P(D|TN)

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RR t

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RR t = It[D|PN]/It[D|TN]

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RHt

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RHt = h(D|TP)t/h(D|TN)1

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Odds Ration

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OR = RR * P(H|TN)/P(H|TP)

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Absolute Risk Reduction

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ARR = I(NT) – I(T)

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Number to Treeat (prevent)

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NTT = 1/ARR

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What is the difference between autosuggestion, suggestion, and bias

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Autosuggestion (I want to believe this medicine is helping me)
Suggestion (the experimenter wants to believe this medicine is helping me)
Bias (I want to believe this medicine is helping the patient)

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Cohort

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Cohort: group of individuals sharing a common characteristic

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Proband

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Proband: group of individuals sharing a predilection to a particular disease

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Phases of drug trials

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Trials
Preclinical (in vitro)
Phase 0 – new designation, first in human studies, aka micro dosing studies
Phase I – safety, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics (pharmacovigilance)
Phase II – macro dosing, safety and efficacy (efficacy and toxicity)
Phase III – randomized controlled multicenter trials (large numbers of patients/subjects)
Phase IV – post-marketing surveillance

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What is a z-score

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Z-score reflects how far a value is from the mean in units of standard deviations of the sample {z = (xi – XM)/SD}

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formula for test power

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Test power = 1 – probability of committing a type II error

Front 47

What are ICD-9 codes, CPT, your fee, modifiers, adn EOB.

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ICD-9 codes indicate your diagnosis
CPT codes indicate what you did
Your fee indicates what you charged
Modifiers are used to indicate multiple services or justify services normally not covered
The EOB will indicate what you were paid

Front 48

What is Title I, II, XVIII,XIX,

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Title I and II are old age survivors insurance

Title XVIII is Medicare

Title XIX is Medicaid

Title XVIII prohibits payment for preventive care

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What is a z-score of 0

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50th percentile

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Hospitals must be accredited by...

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Hospitals must be accredited by the JCAHO (formerly JCAH) or the AOA

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Expected Value

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The expected value of event A, E(A), is the probability of event A occurring x the payoff if event A occurs

Front 52

When following up on a QDR to another government agency, a letter of complaint must be submitted within how many days of issue?

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180 days. Units that do not receive response to a QDR (SF-368) submission to other Government Agencies (OGA) within 180 DAYS shall submit a follow-up letter to the cognizant MLC or District commander.

Hint 52

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What is Standard Error of the mean

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SEM is a measure of expecteeivariationof the meanos orepeated swampels fromthe same popluation.

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In words what is sensitity

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Ratio of true posiitves to all positives.

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In words what is specificty

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Ratio of true negatives to all negatives. It is the ability to exclude something

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In words what is hazard

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Hazard is the incidence in some time t of event D among the population among the population at risk for D

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What part of the FAR deals with required sources of supply?

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Far Part 8

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