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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Perception
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the process by which individuals organize and interpret their impressions in order to give meaning to their environment
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Factors Influencing Perception
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1) The perceiver
2) The target 3) The situation |
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Perceptual Errors
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1) Attribution theory
2) Selective Perception 3) Halo effect 4) Contrast effect 5) Projection 6) Stereotyping |
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Attribution Theory
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the theory that when we observe what seems like atypical behaviour by an individual, we attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused
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Attribution theory rules
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1) Distinctiveness
2) Consensus 3) Consistency 4) How attribution get distorted |
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Distinctiveness
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a behavioural rule that considers whether an individual acts similarly across a variety of situations
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Consensus
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a behavioural rule that considers if everyone faced with a similar situation responds in the same way
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Consistency
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a behavioural rule that considers whether the individual has been acting in the same way over time
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Fundamental attribution error
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the tendency to underestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behaviour of others
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Self-serving bias
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the tendency for individuals to attribute their won successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors
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Selective perception
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people's selective interpretation of what they see based on their interests, background, experience, and attitudes
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Halo Effect
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drawing a general impression of an individual on the basis of a single characteristic
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Contrast Effect
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the concept that our reaction to one person is often influenced by other people we have recently encountered
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Projection
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attributing one's own characteristics to other people
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Stereotyping
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judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which that person belongs
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Heuristics
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judgment shortcuts in decision making
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Prejudice
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an unfounded dislike of a person or group based on their belonging to a particular stereotyped group
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
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a concept that proposes a person will behave in ways consistent with how he or she is perceived by others
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Personality
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the stable patterns of behaviour and consistent internal states that determine how an individual reacts to and interacts with others
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Personality Determinants
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Heredity (refers to those factors that were determined at conception e.g. physicality)
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Personality Traits
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enduring characteristics that describe an individual's behaviour
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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
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a personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types:
- introvert/extrovert - sensing/intuitive - thinking/feeling - judging/perceiving |
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The Big Five Personality Model
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1) Extraversion
2) Agreeableness 3) Conscientiousness 4) Emotional Stability 5) Openness to experience |
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Extraversion
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a personality factor that describes the degree to which a person ais sociable, talkative, and assertive
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Agreeableness
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a personality factor that describes the degree to which a person is good-natured, cooperative, and trusting
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Conscientiousness
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a personality factor that describes the degree to which a person is responsible, dependable, persistent, and achievement-oriented
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Emotional Stability
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a personality factor that describes the degree to which a person is calm, self-confident, and secure
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Openness to Experience
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a personality factor that describes the degree to which a person is imaginative, artistically, sensitive, and intellectual
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Major Personality Attributes Influencing OB
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1) Core self-evaluation
2) Machiavellianism 3) Narcissism 4) Self-Monitoring 5) Risk-taking 6) Type A & B 7) Proactive personality |
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Core Self-Evaluation
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the degree to which an individual likes or dislikes himself or herself, whether the person sees himself or herself as capable and effective, and whether the person feels in control of his or her environment or powerless over the environment
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Machiavellianism
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the degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means
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Narcissism
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the tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and have a sense of entitlement
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Self-Monitoring
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a personality trait that measures an individual's ability to adjust behaviour to external situational factors
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Risk-Taking
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a person's willingness to take chances or risks
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Type A Personality
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a personality with aggressive involvement in a chronic, incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time and, if necessary, against the opposing efforts of other things or other people
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Type B Personality
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a personality that is described as easy-going, relaxed, and patient
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Proactive personality
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a person who identifies opportunities, shows initiative, takes action, and perseveres until meaningful change occurs
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Emotions
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intense feelings that are directed at someone or something
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Moods
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feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that lack a contextual stimulus
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Emotional Labour
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when an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal interactions
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Emotional Dissonance
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inconsistencies between the emotions people feel and the emotions they show
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Felt Emotions
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an individual's actual emotions
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Displayed Emotions
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emotions that are organizationally required and considered appropriate in a given job
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Surface acting
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hiding one's inner feelings to display what is expected
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Deep acting
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trying to modify one's true inner feelings to match what is expected
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Emotional Intelligence
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an assortment of non-cognitive skills, capabilities, and competencies that influence a person's ability to succeed in coping with environmental demands and pressures
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Case for E.I.
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1) Intuitive appeal
2) Predicts Criteria that Matter 3) Biologically Based |
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Case against E.I.
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1) Too vague a concept
2) Cannot be measured 3) Validity is suspected |
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Negative Workplace Emotions
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Employee Deviance
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Employee Deviance
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voluntary actions that violate established norms and threatens the organization, its members, or both
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Affective Events Theory (AET)
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the theory that employees react emotionally to things that happen to them at work and that this emotional reaction influences their job performance and satisfaction
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Emotions in the workplace in a global context
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1) degree of experience vary across cultures
2) interpretations of emotions vary across cultures 3) norms of emotional expression differ across cultures |