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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How is an acoustic signal like speech conducted through the auditory system?
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• Sound waves collected by the pinna and travel into the ear canal
• Bump into the tympanic membrane or eardrum • TM vibrates in sympathy to these sound waves • Moves a series of tiny bones, or ossicles, in the middle ear • Carry energy to a fluid-filled tube called the chochlea • Fluid in cochlea activates a series of tiny hair cells • Movement of these hair cell cilia stimulates the nerves • Nerves send signals to the brain • Brain processes these signals into the sounds we hear |
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Where and how does the ear transform acoustic energy?
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-brain
-auditory nerve |
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Describe where and how the ear transduces acoustic energy into alternate and equivalent forms as it passed through the auditory system.
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• Pinna and ear canal- sound enteres as airborne
• Eardrum – mechanical • Middle ear – hydraulic • Brain – electrical |
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components of the ossicular chain
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malleus
incus stapes |
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sensory end organ for hearing?
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cochlea (snail-shaped)
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what structures change hydraulic energy into electrochemical energy?
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• The organ of Corti converts the fluid motions occurring within the cochlea into em
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Know what nerve conducts the neural impulses from the cochlea to the brainstem, etc.
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stereocilla
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What is an audiogram?
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The audiogram charts hearing sensitivity with frequency represented on the abscissa and intensity on the ordinate in decibels (dB).
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what do the X's and O's mean on an audiogram?
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The red o's represent the right ear and the blue x's represent the left.
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causes of hearing problems
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• Noise
• Trauma • Disease • Ototoxicity • Heredity |
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otitis media
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• A middle ear infection that occurs in the Eustachian tubes (disease)
• Treatment with antibiotics or inserting tubes |
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myrimgotomy
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• Inserting pressure equalizing tubes
• Making of a small incision in the TM or eardrum |
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PE Tubes
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• Flanges on one or both ends to help keep it in place
• Primary purpose is to aerate the middle ear space • Used when patient has an ear infection (otitis media) |
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who is an otologist and what does he do for hearing impairment?
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• Physician whose practice is limited to the ear.
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what is ASL?
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• a communication method used by the deaf in which gestures function as words; has its own morphology, semantics, and syntax.
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who is most likely to have a conductive hearing loss?
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• Women between the ages of 20 and 30
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who is most likely to have a sensorineural hearing loss
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-those aged 65 and older
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conductive hearing loss
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-sound is not transmitted into inner ear.due to some sort of blockage
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sensorineural hearing loss
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Sensorineural hearing loss (also called nerve deafness or -sensorineural deafness) is loss of hearing resulting from problems in the inner ear, in the nerve from the inner ear to the brain, or in the brain.
-most common in those 65 and older |
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NIHL?
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noise induced hearing loss
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What kind of hearing loss (think type of audiogram) does NIHL produce?
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high frequency sensory loss
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What is the maximum safe decibel (dB) level, above which occupational noise becomes potentially injurious to the ear (according to OSHA)?
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louder than 85 it can be very damaging
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Primary goal of hearing conservation
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-to increase compliance in treatment with the patient
-to prevent further damage to the ear -to improve hearing |
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how can you protect yourself from exessive noise?
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-wear ear protection
-avoid loud sounds for long periods |
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hearing loss caused by the aging process?
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Presbycusis (genetic factor)
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tinnitus
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-the perception of sound within the human ear in the absence of corresponding external sound.
-could be a symptom of an ear infection |
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central hearing loss
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-the problem involves a person's inability to filter out competing auditory signals
-problem in the central nervous system |
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central auditory processing disorder
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an umbrella term for a variety of disorders that affect the way the brain processes auditory information. It is not a sensory (inner ear) hearing impairment; individuals with APD usually have normal peripheral hearing ability.
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functional hearing loss
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Functional hearing loss involves a psychological or emotional problem, rather than physical damage to the hearing pathway. Individuals with this type of hearing loss do not seem to hear or respond; yet, in reality, they have normal hearing.
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unit of intensity
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decibels, (dB)
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unit of frequency
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Hz (units per second)
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What frequencies are included in a pure-tone test?
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• Frequencies varying from low pitches (250 Hz) to high pitches (8000 Hz).
-this range represents most of the speech spectrum, although the human ear can detect frequencies from 20-20,000 Hz. -some children can detect even higher frequencies. |
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impedance
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the opposition to energy flow
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acoustic impedance
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-acoustic immitance
-the resistance in the middle ear |
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immitance audiometry
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measures the resistance in the middle ear and is used in detecting conductive hearing disorders
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tympanogram
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• a graph of middle ear immittance as a function of the amount of air pressure delivered to the ear.
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hearing aid
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• small amplifiers that make the signal louder and direct it into the ear canal.
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cochear implant
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-electrodes are placed in the existing cochlea and attached to a microphone
-indicated only for certain people and conditions |
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Can a hearing loss cause an articulation problem?
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Yes, because young children learning to speak can have problems picking up the words and pronunciation of a language
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screening test of hearing
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a screening test is to detect the presence of a problem
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diagnostic test of hearing
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-comprehensive hearing test
-determines the type and severity of the hearing problem and includes treatment recommendations |
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otoscope
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• It consists of a magnifying lens and a battery-powered light that illuminates the eardrum.
• Used to directly examine the eardrum, etc. • Can be hooked up to a video system for viewing on a monitor |
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4 ways persons with hearing loss can be rehabilitated/habilitated
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-amplication (hearing aids): small amplifiers which work like microphones and amplifiers at a concert. Detects sound electronically and amplifies it
-auditory training: a treatment that increases the general awareness of sound, including auditory discrimination abilities -speech reading: the reading of lips, body, and facial gestures to comprehend speech -manual communication: the use and understanding of sign language and finger spelling |
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How is the acoustic energy transduced as it passes through the ear?
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-energy is displaced outwardly from the point of impact
-mass of air closest to the hands impacts another mass of air molecules, that impacts another, and so on -this happens until acoustic energy is transmitted to the era -transformed into mcechanical energy in the middle ear |
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apraxia of speech
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• a neurological impairment of the ability to program – organize and plan – and execute movement of the speech muscles
• unrelated to muscle weakness, slowness or paralysis. • Person cannot execute purposeful movement in the presence of normal muscle function • Primarily interferes with articulation prosody • Sound errors are more often substitutions than distortions, omissions or additions • Consonant errors more common than vowel errors • Errors occur most often on the initial consonant words |
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what causes apraxia?
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• Damage to the parietal lobe
• Can result when other areas of the brain are damaged |
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dysphasia
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a swallowing disorder
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what causes dysphasia?
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• Poor teeth
• Ill-fitting dentures • Common cold • Gastro esophageal reflux disease • Stroke • Polio • Cerebral palsy • Parkinson’s • Tumor in the mouth, throat, or esophagus • Surgery in the head, neck or esophageal areas |
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dysarthria
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• a group of motor speech disorders that result in impaired speech due to neurological and muscular deficits.
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6 types of dysarthria
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• Spastic
• Ataxic • Flaccid • Hyperkinetic • Hypokinetic • Mixed or multiple |
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what causes dysarthria?
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neurological and muscular deficits
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Big 3 Neurogenic Communication Disorders
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-Aphasia
-Apraxia -Dysphasia |
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aphasia
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• an impairment of the ability to use or comprehend words, usually acquired as a result of a stroke or other brain injury.
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who is most likely to have aphasia?
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-those who have had a stroke
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can a Aphasic have Apraxia?
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YES
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Apraxia
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• a nonlinguistic sensorimotor disorder of articulation
• impaired capacity to program the position of speech musculature and the sequencing of muscle movements (respiratory, laryngeal, and oral) for the volitional production of phonemes. |
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can an aphasic have dysarthria?
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YES
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what is dysarthria?
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• a disturbance of the muscular control of the speech mechanism that impairs speech production.
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Leading causes of aphasia
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• Malfunctioning nervous system
• Stroke, head trauma, other type of brain damage |
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categories of stroke
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• Occlusive – blockage or plug in an artery
• Thrombosis • Embolism • Hemorrhagic stroke – a break or “blow-out” in a major blood vessel of the brain |
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CVA
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• Cerebro Vascular Accident
• major injury to brain tissue resulting from a altered blood circulation in the brain. • stoppage of blood flow as in cardiac arrest, brain death occurs in about four minutes. • a local flow limitation results in localized damage. |
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receptice aphasia
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• A type of neurologically based language disturbance in which the person has problems reading and understanding the speech and gestures of others.
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expressive aphasia
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• A type of neurologically based language disturbance involving the expressive components of language: speaking, writing, and gesturing.
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Wernicke's Aphasia
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• Lesions causing Wernicke's aphasia usually occur in the auditory association area of the left temporal lobe or in the fiber tracts connecting it with other areas of the brain.
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Broca's Aphasia
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• impairment in production of language with damage to specific area of the left frontal lobe, now known as Broca’s area.
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paresis
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slight or incomplete paralysis
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paralysis
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the complete loss of muscle function for one or more muscles
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what types of language related disturbances can result from Aphasia?
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• Expressive language disorders
• Receptive language disorders • Expressive and receptive language disorders |
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How do you treat Aphasia?
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• Treatment should begin as soon as possible, although there is different views on this
• Counseling the family of Aphasic person • Individual treatment • Help person regain as much language as possible • Teaching him/her techniques of compensating for his/her residual defects. • Group therapy |
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dimentia
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• is a syndrome characterized by acquired, persistent impairment of multiple cognitive domains, including:
• memory • language • attention • executive function • visuospatial ability |
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causes of dementia?
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• Brain damage
• Alzheimer’s disease • Parkinson’s • Huntington’s • Multiple strokes • Viruses • Drug interactions • Thyroid problems |
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Are first signs of dementia first noticed with communication?
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• Yes
• Forgetting basic info • Language skills show decreased vocab and verbose conversation |
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Famous person with dementia?
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Ronald Regan
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TIA
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• A TIA is a "warning stroke" or "mini-stroke" that produces stroke-like symptoms but no lasting damage.
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Alzheimer's Disease
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• A comprehensive speech, language, and hearing evaluation is done
• Working and episodic memory impairments |
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4 major sources of behavior patterns with dementia
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• Working memory
• Episodic memory • Semantic memory • Declarative memory -emotional liability, catastrophic reactions, perserveration, organic deprssion, gried response |
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verbal manisfestations of dementia
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• Circumlocution: Saying of an alternate sound, word, or phrase for one that is feared, difficult to produce, or unavailable for recall.
• Echolalia: Tendency to repeat the last sound, word, or phrase that was heard. • Logorrhea: continuous production of words that have no apparent semantic connection • Perseveration: tendency for a motor or mental act to continue for a longer duration than is appropriate • Tangential speech: lacking continuity and consistency in a train of thought |
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Circumlocution
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Saying of an alternate sound, word, or phrase for one that is feared, difficult to produce, or unavailable for recall.
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Echolalia
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Tendency to repeat the last sound, word, or phrase that was heard.
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Logorrhea
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continuous production of words that have no apparent semantic connection
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Perseveration
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tendency for a motor or mental act to continue for a longer duration than is appropriate
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Tangential speech
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lacking continuity and consistency in a train of thought
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TBI
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• an acquired injury to the brain, caused by external force, resulting in total or partial functional disability or psycho/social impairment or both, that adversely affects an individual’s performance.
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What is the nonfatal TBI incidence in this country each year?
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-85,000 survive with long term dissabilities
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What ages are at highest risk for TBI?
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-those between the ages of 15 to 24
-young males most at risk |
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Famous people who have suffered a TBI?
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-Christopher Reeve
-Jan Berry -Gary Busey -James Brady |
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OHI
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-open head injuries
• occur when an object, a missile or projectile, penetrates the skull (i.e., a bullet). |
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CHI
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• closed head injuries
-More common and are usually the result of motor cycle accidents or falls. The brain is jostled within the skull yielding diffuse neurological damage. |
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diffuse brain damage
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-involves a brain injury to more than one site of the brain
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focal brain damage
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when the brain injury is limited to one identifiable site of the brain
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coma
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• a state of unconsciousness
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FROWARD
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FROWARD (FROH urd) adj intractable, not willing to yield or comply, stubbornly disobedient
• Two year-olds have a reputation for being froward; they've discovered the pleasure of saying no. • No matter how much I pleaded and prodded, my froward mule refused to take a single step. Don't confuse this with forward! No matter how much they were pushed, the corn huskers remained froward - they were leaving. |
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3 Components of Memory
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• Attention
• Alertness to the world and what is going on • Storage • Short-term memory and long-term memory • Recall • The process of remembering something in the past in an attempt to recapture its essence |
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short-term memory
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• the temporary storage of information limited in capacity and requiring continual rehearsal
• “working memory” |
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long-term memory
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• Memory retained for an indefinite period (internalized memory)
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Identify the two types of information retrieval.
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• Recall: the process of remembering something in the past in an attempt to recapture its essence
• Recognition: the ability to correctly remember something that has been encountered before |
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What is a mnemonic device?
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• A mind/memory and/or learning aid
-helps to refine the process of storage and retrieval • Mnemonics rely on associations between easy-to-remember constructs which can be related back to the data that is to be remembered. |
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Flat Affect
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• A severe reduction in emotional expressiveness
• Blunted affect |
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speech-language pathologist
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• a specialist in the study, assessment, and treatment of speech-language disorders
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audiologist
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• a specialist in the study of hearing and in the assessment and rehabilitation of hearing impairment
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In what settings do speech-language pathologists and audiologists typically work?
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-schools
-residential homes for the elderly |
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Who certifies SLP's?
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• National level: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
• State level: OSPI |
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Why is it important to belong to a professional organization as a member of the profession?
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• To network with other professionals in the field
• To network in order to find jobs • Discuss current work and research |
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To which professional organizations do speech-language pathologists and audiologists typically belong?
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• Selected national organizations
• American Speech-Language Association (ASHA) • American academy of Audiology (AAA) • American Auditory Society (AAS) • Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology (ARA) • Academy of Dispensing Audiologists (ADA) • Selected state-level organizations • Washington Speech and Hearing Association (WSHA) • Washington Society of Audiology (WSA) |
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CAA
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• The Council on Academic Accreditation in Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology
• accredits eligible clinical doctoral programs in audiology and master's degree programs in speech-language pathology |
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medical term for "cause of something"
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Etiology
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term for "present at birth"
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congenital
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prosody
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• The rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech
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What does velopharyngeal closure refer to?
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• closure of the nasal airway by the elevation of the soft palate and contraction of the posterior and lateral pharyngeal wall.
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Traditional Components of Language
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-socially shared code
-symbolic -arbitrary -modalities -formallities |
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Functional Components of Language
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Form
Content Use |
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intonation
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• Pitch/stress changes in the voice across an audience
• Pitch pattern |
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vowel mastery in children
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by age 3
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speech sounds mastered (girls, boys, all children) by what age?
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-all children: by age 7 or 8
-girls: by age 6 -boys by 7 or 8 |
