Comm 203: Chapter 1: Critical Thinking

Front 1

What do you need to be able to make good judgement?

Back 1

The ability to think critically.

Front 2

What is the goal of the instruction of critical thinking?

Back 2

Instruction in critical thinking is designed to achieve an understanding of the relationship of language to logic.

Front 3

Define: Argumentation

Back 3

Reason giving in communicative situations by people whose purpose is the justification of acts, beliefs, attitudes and values.

Front 4

Define: Coercion

Back 4

The threat or use of force.

Front 5

Inductive and Deductive Reasoning are both ___?____?

Back 5

Logical Processes

Front 6

Define: Deductive Reasoning

Give an example.

Back 6

Deductive reasoning is a logical process in which a conclusion drawn from a set of premises contains no more information than the premises taken collectively.

All dogs are animals;
this is a dog;
therefore, this is an animal:

From the order you make a major premise, to a minor premise and then you make a conclusion.

Deductive Reasoning is sometimes called the top-down approach.

Front 7

Define: Inductive Reasoning

Give an example

Back 7

Inductive reasoning is a logical process in which a conclusion is proposed that contains more information than the observations or experience on which it is based.

Every crow ever seen was black; all crows are black
is the process of reasoning in which the premises of an argument are believed to support the conclusion but do not entail it; i.e. they do not ensure its truth

Front 8

Define: Premise

Back 8

it is a Given Statement

Front 9

Define: Critical Thinking

(Just Read Everytime/Do Not Count Against)

Back 9

The ability to analyze, criticize, and advocate ideas ideas; to reason inductively and deductively; and reach factual or judgmental conclusions based on sound inferences drawn from unambiguous statements of knowledge or belief.

Front 10

Define: Debate

Back 10

The process of inquiry and advocacy; the seeking of a reasoned judgement on a proposition.

Front 11

Define: Good Reasons

Key Word

Back 11

Reasons that are PSYCHOLOGICALLY COMPELLING for a given audience, that make further inquiry (from the audience) both unnecessary and redundant-hence justifying a decision to affirm or reject a proposition.

Front 12

Define: Persuasion

Back 12

Communication intended to influence the acts, beliefs, attitudes and values of others.
(AABV)

Front 13

Define: Propaganda

Back 13

The use of persuasion by a group (often a closely knit organization) in a sustained, organized campaign using multiple media for the purpose of influencing a mass audience.

Front 14

Debate education improves the ability to?

Back 14

Think Critically.

Front 15

What example do you know of that utilizes debate to render a decision?

Back 15

Law Courts and legislative bodies are designed to utilize debate as their means of reaching decisions.

Front 16

Any organization that conducts its business according to ____?______ has selected debate as one of its methods of business.

Back 16

Parliamentary Procedures

Front 17

Who were among the first to recognize the importance of debate for individual and society?

Back 17

The Greeks

Front 18

Who defined the word Rhetoric?

Back 18

Plato

Front 19

Define: Rhetoric

Back 19

A universal art of winning the mind by arguments.

Which means not merely arguments in the courts of justice and other sorts of public councils, but in private conference as well.

Front 20

Who listed four functions of Rhetoric?

Back 20

Aristotle

Front 21

What are the four functions of Rhetoric?

(You have a mnemonic, but just read it and eventually you'll remember them all.)

Back 21

1. Prevents the triumph of fraud & injustice.
2. Rhetoric is a method of instruction for the public.
3. Rhetoric makes us see both sides of a case.
4. Rhetoric is a means of defense.

Front 22

How are laws made?

Back 22

Our laws are made through the process of debate.

Front 23

How are laws applied?

Back 23

Laws are applied through the process of debate.

Front 24

Is society a beneficiary of debate?

Back 24

Society benefits if debate is encouraged because free and open debate protects the right of individuals & offer the larger society a way of REACHING OPTIMAL DECISIONS

Front 25

What factor needs to be present for there to be an individual decision?

Back 25

An individual needs to be able to control the dimensions of a problem.

Front 26

What two ways can a leader make important decision when he has advisors?

Back 26

1. Have his advisors debate in private and present him an agreed decision.

2. Witness the debaters cross exam each other and present their ideas, and then make a decision at the end.

Front 27

What are the ways which a person who has an individual decision can implement it?

Back 27

Group Discussion
Persuasion
Propaganda
Coercion
Combination

(Amanda Coetzer has a group that consulted her to use a gigantic proPER COMB.)

Front 28

Discussions can be made by a group when the members of the group?

(Just Read: Information)

Back 28

1. Agree that a problem exist.
2. Have compatible standards and values.
3. Have compatible purposes.
4. are willing to accept the consensus of the group.
5. Are relatively few in number.

Front 29

Explain the difference between a persuader and a debater?

Back 29

Clearly one method of persuasion is debate. However debate is limited to seeking carefully reasoned judgement. Persuasion is not!

+ Persuasion is a method of debate.
+ Debate is NOT a method of persuasion.

Front 30

What has a persuader done before an argument?

Back 30

Reached a decision on the proposition.

Front 31

What will a persuader do in an argument?

Back 31

1. Join other persuaders and become propagandists.

2. Forced into a debater.

Front 32

Propagandist are identical to persuaders except...?

Back 32

That propagandists is a group of persuaders.

Front 33

Is all propaganda bad?

Back 33

No, there are propagandists that persuade people to not drink and drive.

Front 34

What can prove useful in a debate?

(Info Card: but Guess!)

Back 34

1. Accurate Evidence
2. Valid Reasoning
3. Appeals chosen carefully.

Front 35

When might coercion be accepted?

Back 35

A decision to employ coercion is likely to be socially acceptable when the decision is made after full and fair debate.

Front 36

What is the ultimate form of coercion?

Back 36

War.