Comm 1500 Exam 2

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Language

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A structured system of signs, gestures, or marks that is used and understood to express ideas and feelings among people within a community, nation, geographic area, or cultural tradition

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Muted Group Theory

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suggest that under-represented groups (women,seniors) are not as free or as able as men to say what they mean, when and where they want to

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Style Switch

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a term that identifies when people from co-cultures speak the language of their own culture but switch to that of the dominant culture when needed and appropriate

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sounds

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most of us learn to speak language before we learn to write it

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words

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symbols that stand for objects and concepts

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idioms

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words whose meanings cannot be understood according to ordinary usage (ex - that happens once in a blue moon, curiosity killed the cat)

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grammar

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rules that govern how words are put together to form phrases and sentences

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semantics

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the study of meaning, or the association of words with ideas, feelings, and contexts

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denotation

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the objective meaning of a word; the standard dictionary definition

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connotation

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the subjective meaning of a word; what a word suggests because of feelings or associations it evokes

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concrete word

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a symbol for a specific thing that can be pointed to or physically experienced

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abstract word

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symbol for an idea, quality, or relationship

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jargon

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language used by certain groups or specific disciplines that may be technical or too specialized to be understood by the general population

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slang

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language used by groups to keep the meaning of the communication within the groups; slang words change frequently and are specific regions or groups

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euphemism

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the use of an inoffensive or mild expression in place of one that might offend, cause embarrassment, or suggest something unpleasant

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doublespeak

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the deliberate misuse of language to distort meaning

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bypassing

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a misunderstanding that occurs between a sender and a receiver because of the symbolic nature of the language

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indiscrimination

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the neglect of individual difference and overemphasis of similarities

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indexing

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a technique to reduce indiscrimination by identifying the specific persons, ideas, events, or objects a statement refers to

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dating

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a form of indexing that sorts people, events, ideas, and objects according to time

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polarization

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the tendency to vie things in terms of extremes

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pendulum effect

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escalating conflict between two individuals or groups that results from their use of polar terms to describe and defend their perceptions of reality

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gender-inclusive language

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language that doesn't discriminate against males or females

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sexist language

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language that creates sexual stereotypes or implies that one gender is superior to another

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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

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an explanation of how thought influences our reality and how our thought process is influenced by our language

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Linguistic determinism

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the theory that language determines thought

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linguistic relativity

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the theory that suggests that people from different language communities perceive the world differently

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high-context culture

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a culture in which the meaning of the communication act is inferred from the situation or location

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low-context culture

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a culture in which the meaning of the communication act is inferred from the messages being sent and not the location where the communication occurs

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vivid language

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active, direct, and fresh language that brings a sense of excitement, urgency, and forcefulness to a message

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verbal immediacy

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identifies and projects the speaker's feelings and makes the message more relevant to the listener

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metaphor

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a figure of speech that associates two things or ideas, not commonly linked, as a means of description

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nonverbal communication

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includes all behaviors, symbols, attributes, or objects - whether intended or not - that communicate messages with social meaning

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nonverbal communication depends on context (example)

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slouching in class vs. slouching at a job interview

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nonverbal communication occurs constantly (example)

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what you wear, tone of voice, eye-contact, body movements

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nonverbal communication is more believable than verbal communication, why?

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nonverbal communication can be less regulated and less controlled than verbal communication

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nonverbal communication is a primary means of expression

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whether we are aware of it or not, nonverbal communication can express emotions; and in turn, we all become experts at detecting and reading other's nonverbal communication

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nonverbal communication is related to culture

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norms and rules determine the way many of us act, norms and rules shift from culture to culture

ex: U.S. vs. France; Northern vs. Southern customs

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nonverbal communication is ambiguous

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like with verbal communication, we cannot assume the nonverbal communication only has on meaning/purpose; there are multiple interpretations - mediated communication (computer,phone) is particularly susceptible to ambiguity

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why should you know about nonverbal communication?

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it carries most of the meaning of a message, is a frequent source of misunderstand, not governed by a set of universal rules, multi channeled, complicated, always changing, bound to context and culture, more likely than verbal to be spontaneous and unintentional, powerful and more believable than verbal, and is critical in relationships

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complementing verbal behavior

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the use of nonverbal cues to complete, describe, or accent verbal cues

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repeating

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the use of nonverbal cues to convey the same meaning as the verbal message

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regulating

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the use of nonverbal cues to control the flow of communication

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substituting

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the use of nonverbal cues in place of oral messages when speaking is impossible, undesirable, or inappropriate

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deceiving

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purposely misleading others by using nonverbal cues to create false impressions or to convey incorrect information

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kinesics

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type of nonverbal communication - referred to as body language or any movement of the face or body that communicates a message

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eye behavior

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type of nonverbal communication - category of body language, subcategory of facial expressions that includes any movement or behavior of the eyes

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osulesics

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the study of the eye movement or eye behavior

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facial expression

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type of nonverbal communication - configuration of the face that can reflect, augment, contradict, or be unrelated to a speaker's vocal delivery

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facial management techniques

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control of facial muscles to conceal inappropriate or unacceptable messages

-intensifying - exaggeration of facial expression

- deintensifying - understatement of facial reactions

- neutralizing - avoidance of any emotional expression

- masking - replacement of one expression with another

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emblems

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body movements that translate directly into words

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illustrators

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body movements that accent, reinforce, or emphasize a verbal message

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regulators

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body movements that control, monitor, or maintain interactions between or among speakers and listeners

ex: cues that tell us when to stop, hurry, make things more interesting

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affect displays

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body movements that express emotions

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adaptors

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body movements that help one feel at ease in communication situations

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touch (haptics)

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tactile, or touch, communication; one of the most basic forms of communication

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proxemics

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type of nonverbal communication - the study of the use of space and distance between individuals when they are communicating;

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territoriality

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type of nonverbal communication - the need to identify certain areas of space as one's own

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chronemics

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type of nonverbal communication - the study of how people perceive, structure, and use time as communication

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paralanguage/vocalics

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type of nonverbal communication - the way that we vocalize, or say, the words we speak

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artifacts

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type of nonverbal communication - personal possessions that communicate information about us

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information

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knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance

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news

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knowledge gained through study, communication, research, instruction; factual data

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topics for informative speeches

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objects - examine concrete subjects: people, animals, things, places

processes - topic focuses on demonstration in which speaker explains how something is done or takes place

events - discuss happenings or occasions

concepts - abstract topics such as beliefs, theories, ideas, and principles

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planned repetition

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deliberate restating of a thought to increase the likelihood that the audience will understand and remember it

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etymology

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a form of definition that traces the origin and development of a word

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adoption

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action that asks listeners to demonstrate their acceptance of an attitude, belief, or value by performing the behavior suggested by the speaker

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discontinuance

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action that asks listeners to demonstrate their alteration of an attitude, belief, or value by stopping certain behaviors

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deterrence

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an action that asks listeners to demonstrate their acceptance of an attitude, belief, or value by avoiding certain behavior

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continuance

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action that tasks listeners to demonstrate their acceptance of an attitude, belief, or value by continuing to perform the behavior suggested by the speaker

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topics for persuasive speech

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questions of fact - true or false

questions of value - good or bad

questions of policy - what actions should be taken

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ethos

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the speakers character as perceived by the listeners

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logos

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the substance of the speech or the logical appeals the speaker makes

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pathos

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the speakers evoking of appropriate emotion from the listeners

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Monroe's motivated sequence

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pattern of organization developed for persuasive speaking that combines logic practical psychology - 5 steps:

attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action

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appeal to needs

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attempt to move people to action by calling on their physical and psychological needs and desires

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logical appeals

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attempt to move people to action through the use of evidence and proof

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deductive reasoning

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sequence of though that moves from general info to specific conclusions

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inductive reasoning

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sequence of thought that moves from specific facts to a general conclusion

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causal reasoning

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sequence of thought that links cause with effect ; because

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reasoning by analogy

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sequence of thought that compares similar things or circumstances to draw a conclusion

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emotional appeal

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attempt to move people to action by playing off their feelings

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ad hominem

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a fallacy that attacks a person rather than the argument itself

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red herring

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a fallacy that uses irrelevant information to divert attention away from the real issue

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hasty generalization

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a fallacy that occurs when a speaker doesn't have sufficient data and therefore argues or reasons from a specific example "all pit bulls are mean"

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bandwagon/ad populem

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a fallacy that assumes something is right because a lot of people believe it

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post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy

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a fallacy of reasoning in which one attributes something as a cause simply because it followed another incident "of course it rained I just washed my car"

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either-or-reasoning/ false dichotomy

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a fallacy of reasoning in which only two options exist - right and wrong, nothing in between "vote or die"

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Enthymeme

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logical statement that's missing it's major premise
"Dakota is mortal" as opposed to " all humans are mortal"