Comm 105 Part 1: Essentials Of Communication Ch. 4-7

Front 1

perception

Back 1

the process by which we make sense out of experience

Front 2

selective perception

Back 2

the means of interpreting experience in a way that conforms to one’s beliefs, expectations, and convictions

Front 3

closure

Back 3

the tendency to fill in missing perceptual pieces to perceive a complete world

Front 4

perceptual sets

Back 4

expectations that produce a readiness to process experience in a predetermined way

Front 5

selective retention

Back 5

the tendency to remember those things that reinforce one’s way
of thinking and forget those that oppose one’s way of thinking

Front 6

selective attention

Back 6

the tendency to focus on certain cues and ignore others

Front 7

selective exposure

Back 7

the tendency to expose oneself to information that reaffirms existing attitudes, beliefs, and values

Front 8

horn effect

Back 8

the perceiving of qualities that are primarily negative

Front 9

halo effect

Back 9

the perceiving of qualities that are primarily positive

Front 10

first impressions

Back 10

initial judgments about people

Front 11

primacy effect

Back 11

the ability of one’s first impression to color subsequent impressions

Front 12

stereotype

Back 12

a generalization about people, places, or events held by many members of a society

Front 13

prejudice

Back 13

a biased, negative attitude toward a particular group of people; a negative prejudgment based on membership in a social category

Front 14

allness

Back 14

the erroneous belief that any one person can know all there is to know about anything

Front 15

blindering

Back 15

the process by which one unconsciously adds restrictions that limit one’s perceptual capabilities

Front 16

fact

Back 16

that which is known to be true based on observation

Front 17

inference

Back 17

an assumption with varying degrees of accuracy

Front 18

perceptual constancy

Back 18

the desire to perceive experience exactly as we have perceived it in the past

Front 19

cultural nearsightedness

Back 19

the failure to understand that we do not all attribute the same meanings to similar behavioral clues

Front 20

cultivation theory

Back 20

a theory propounded by George Gerbner and colleagues focusing on the mass media’s ability to influence users’ attitudes and perceptions of reality

Front 21

virtual reality

Back 21

an environment that exists as data in a computer system

Front 22

onlinespeak

Back 22

the informal communication
style that marks electronic communication

Front 23

tag questions

Back 23

questions that are midway between outright statements
and yes-no questions

Front 24

disclaimers

Back 24

remarks that diminish a statement’s importance

Front 25

qualifiers

Back 25

tentative phrases

Front 26

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Back 26

the belief that the labels we use help shape the way we think, our worldview, and our behavior

Front 27

linguistic determinism

Back 27

the belief that language influences how we interpret the world

Front 28

linguistic relativity

Back 28

the belief that persons who speak different languages perceive the world differently

Front 29

dominant culture

Back 29

the culture in power; the mainstream culture

Front 30

euphemism

Back 30

a pleasant word that is substituted for a less pleasant one

Front 31

bypassing

Back 31

miscommunication that occurs when individuals think they understand each other but actually miss each other’s meaning

Front 32

denotative meaning

Back 32

dictionary meaning; the objective or descriptive meaning of a word

Front 33

connotative meaning

Back 33

subjective meaning; one’s personal meaning for a word

Front 34

nonverbal communication

Back 34

the kinds of human messages and responses not expressed in words

Front 35

mixed message

Back 35

message that occurs when words and actions contradict each other

Front 36

kinesics

Back 36

the study of the relationship between human body motion, or body language, and communication

Front 37

facial management techniques

Back 37

the means we use to control the expressions we reveal to others

Front 38

rate

Back 38

speaking speed

Front 39

volume

Back 39

the degree of loudness of the voice

Front 40

proxemics

Back 40

the study of the use of space

Front 41

intimate distance

Back 41

a distance ranging from the point of touch to 18 inches from a person

Front 42

personal distance

Back 42

a distance ranging from 18 inches to 4 feet from a person

Front 43

social distance

Back 43

a distance ranging from 4 feet to 12 feet from a person

Front 44

public distance

Back 44

a distance of 12 feet and farther from a person

Front 45

fixed-feature space

Back 45

space that contains relatively permanent objects

Front 46

semi-fixed-feature space

Back 46

space in which objects are used to create distance

Front 47

informal space

Back 47

space that is highly mobile and can be quickly changed

Front 48

markers

Back 48

items that reserve one’s space

Front 49

territoriality

Back 49

the need to demonstrate a possessive or ownership relationship to space

Front 50

haptics

Back 50

the study of the use of touch

Front 51

visual dominance

Back 51

a measure calculated by comparing the percentage of looking while speaking with the percentage of looking while listening

Front 52

low-contact cultures

Back 52

cultures that maintain more distance when interacting

Front 53

contact cultures

Back 53

cultures that promote interaction and encourage displays of warmth, closeness, and availability

Front 54

emoticons

Back 54

symbols that replace nonverbal cues during machine-assisted communication

Front 55

critical thinking

Back 55

the careful and deliberate process of message evaluation

Front 56

"you" messages

Back 56

responses that place blame on another person

Front 57

"I" messages

Back 57

nonevaluative responses that convey our feelings about the nature of a situation

Front 58

supportive feedback

Back 58

a nonevaluative response indicating that the receiver perceives a problem as important

Front 59

understanding

Back 59

a nonevaluative response that uses restatement to check comprehension

Front 60

probing

Back 60

a nonevaluative technique in which we ask for additional information

Front 61

nonevaluative feedback

Back 61

nondirective feedback

Front 62

formative feedback

Back 62

timed negative feedback

Front 63

evaluative feedback

Back 63

a positive or negative judgment

Front 64

speech-thought differential

Back 64

the difference between speaking and thinking rates

Front 65

red-flag words

Back 65

words that trigger emotional deafness, dropping listening efficiency to zero

Front 66

paraphrasing

Back 66

restating in your own words what another person has said

Front 67

critical listening

Back 67

listening to evaluate the worth of a message

Front 68

empathic listening

Back 68

listening to help others

Front 69

comprehensive listening

Back 69

listening to gain knowledge

Front 70

appreciative listening

Back 70

listening for enjoyment or relaxation

Front 71

serial communication

Back 71

a chain-of-command transmission

Front 72

mindfulness

Back 72

emptying one’s mind of personal concerns and interfering emotions, and
choosing to focus on the person and the here and now

Front 73

dialogic listening

Back 73

listening that focuses on what happens to people as they respond to each other