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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Preventable causes of death in the US in 1990 and 2000
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1. Tobacco 400,000 (19%) in 1990, 435,000 (18.1%) in 2000
2. Poor Diet and Physical Inactivity 300,000 (14%) in 1990, 400,000 (16.6%) in 2000 3. Alcohol Consumption 100,000 (5%) in 1990, 85,000 (3.5%) in 2000 |
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Effects of Smoking in Movies
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Responsible for about 50% of new smokers!
The older one is and the more movies they see with smoking the more likely they are to try smoking. Grade 8 who have seen greater than 150 movie tobacco uses about 37% have tried. Male and female effects are the same. Effects are stronger on kids if their parents are non-smokers |
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Relationships between smoking in movies and movie ratings
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"R" rated films make less money
Most smoking occurs in PG-13 films Studios and producers routinely consider ratings when editing films No studio will accept an "R" rating just to promote smoking. Violence and sex may sell, but not smoking. The media depicts smoking as cool, sexy, fun, tough, and sophisticated. Smoking effects are the opposite. Smoking in the real world is decreasing, whereas smoking in movies is increasing. |
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Product Placement in Movies and Possible Solutions
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Companies pay producers to place their product in movies to advertise
Solutions: Certify no payoffs - don't pay famous people to smoke cigs in movies Require strong anti-smoking ads Stop identifying tobacco brands in movies Rate new smoking movies "R" - many studios would cut smoking so they can be rated PG-13 because more people watch PG-13 |
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BMI Categorization
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Body Mass Index = weight kilograms/(height in meters)^2
Underweight <18.5 Normal weight 18.5-24.9 Overweight 25-29.9 Obesity 30-39.9 Extreme obesity >40 |
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Soft Drink Consumption and Health
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American consumption has increased 500% in last 50 years
Americans spend over $54 billion a year Average American drinks 53 gallons each year In a healthy 120lb one 20 oz soda every days has enough calories to equal 27 lbs/year and takes 2 hours of walking to burn the calories from one Along w/ cavities soda has been linked to diabetes, kidney stones, heart disease, osteoporosis, and obesity. Extra soft drink a day increases risk of obesity by 60%, and children are 3 times more likely to develop bone fractures |
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Food Pyramids 1992 vs. 2004
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1992
Fats and oils - use sparingly Milk, yogurt, cheese - 2 to 3 servings Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, nuts, and dry beans - 2 to 3 servings Vegetables - 3 to 5 servings Fruits - 2 to 4 servings Bread, cereal, rice, pasta - 6 to 11 servings 2004 Red meat and butter - use sparingly White rice, white bread, potatoes, pasta and sweets - use sparingly Dairy or calcium supplements - 1 to 2 servings Fish, poultry, or eggs - 0 to 2 servings Nuts and legumes - 1 to 3 servings Vegetables - In abundance Fruit - 2 to 3 servings Whole grain foods - at most meals Plant oils - at most meals DAILY EXERCISE AND WEIGHT CONTROL 2004 - outlined by authors distinguishes between healthy and unhealthy types of fat and carbohydrates. Fruits and vegetables are still recommended, but the consumption of dairy products should be limited. 1992 - conceived to convey the message that fat is bad and its corollary carbs are good. now being questioned. |
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Advertising by Food Manufacturers
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Prepared, convenience foods - 22.1% $1,563 million
Confectionery and snacks 15.5% $1,095 million Alcoholic Beverages - 15.3% $1,082 million Soft drinks and water - 9.9% $702 million Fruits, vegetables, grains, and beans - 2.2% $159 million |
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Measuring Up
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Average American woman = 5'4" 140 lbs
Average American model = 5'11" 117 lbs 80% of women dissatisfied with their appearance 45% of women on a diet 91% of college women have dieted 35% of "normal dieters" progress to pathological dieting and/or eating disorders 60% of American women are a size 12 or lager Marilyn Monroe wore size 14 |
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Body Dissatisfaction
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About one-third of all Americans are truly dissatisfied w/ their appearance, women more than men.
Women commonly complain about their thighs, abdomen, breasts and buttocks Men are dissatisfied w/ their abdomen, upper body, and balding heads 42% of 1st and 3rd graders want to be thinner 80% of 4th and 5th graders are afraid of being fat Girls are more afraid of becoming fat than they are of nuclear war, cancer, or losing parents. |
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Dieting
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Americans spend over $40 million/year on dieting products (more than what the US spends on education, training, employment, and social services combined)
About 8,000,000 people in the US have an eating disorder Over a life time, at least 50,000 people will die because of their eating disorder |
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Bulimia:Eating without tasting
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Binges
Feels out of control when eating Uses vomiting, laxatives, or exercise to prevent food absorption Bulimia affects 1 to 3% of adolescent and young adult women. 10 times more common in females than males, especially women born after 1960 |
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Anorexia Nervosa
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Feel "fat"
Terrified of gaining wait Weighs 85% or less of ideal weight Anorexia is found among .5% to 1% of adolescent and young adult females Prevalence in males is .05% to .1% High morbidity: 10% of anorexia patients die (e.g., starvation, suicide). It is the most DEADLY psychiatric illness. |
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Alcohol advertising on TV
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Most apparent during major pro sports then college sports the other pro sports then dramas then situation comedies
In 1997, 223 movies and 181 TV series had paid alcohol product placement Product Placement of alcohol in films and TV is industry regulated. Agreed to avoid youth oriented TV and movies. FTC notes: "alcohol placement regularly occurs in PG films with sizable underage appeal and on 8 of 18 TV shows most popular with teens. |
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Substance use by Major Characters
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Top 80 Episodes Portraying Substance use by Major Characters
Alcohol Teen 53% Adult 70% All 168 episodes 56% Tobacco Teen 11% Adult 14% All 11% Illicit Drugs Teen 1% Adult 1% All 2% |
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Television Drinking Episodes Portraying Consequences
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Humor - 45%
Anti-Use statement - 8% Pro-Use statement - 7% Refusal - 1% Negative Consequences - 23% |
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Does the Media Mirror the Real World?
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Alcohol
The media depict drinking as cool, sexy, fun, tough, and sophisticated. Alcohol Effects are the opposite Drinking in the real world is decreasing, whereas drinking in the media is increasing. Food Consumption In the media, people who consume unhealthy food are slender, healthy, and strong. In the real world, people who consume unhealthy food get fat, sick, and weak. Obesity in the US is increasing, whereas obesity in the media is decreasing Smoking The media depict smoking as cool, sexy, fun, tough, and sophisticated. Smoking effects are the opposite Smoking in the real world is decreasing, whereas smoking in movies is increasing. The media mirror is a fun house mirror that provides a distorted view of reality |
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First Newspaper Ads in America
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1704 - First newspaper ads
Mid 1800s - explosion in magazine ads |
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Product Placement (Advertising)
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Product placement costs about $5 billion annually
Reality TV shows depend on product placements Product placement in TV shows has moved from mere props to becoming part of the story lines. Political ads are even placed in video games Modern cinema relies on product placement to offset production costs The practice is now so widespread that movies parody product placement |
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Why Product Placement is Popular
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Viewers can flip past commercials or "zap" them using TIVO.
A commercial, advertisement, or billboard is temporary; a planted product remains on a film forever. Product placement is cheaper than buying commercial time Product placement is more subtle, so people let down their guard. Advertising wear out is less problematic with product placement because consumers may feel resentful and irritated to prolonged exposure but prolong exposure makes ad more effective. |
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Subliminal Ads
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Use of hidden, imperceptible, or masked images or words in ads to influence people without their awareness.
Subliminal ads influence people More research is needed on the effectiveness of subliminal messages. Most subliminal ads are mostly about sex |
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Criticisms about ads
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Ads are intrusive. Our lives are overwhelmed with ads.
Advertising is deceptive Ads undermine free market competition (the biggest ad-budget wins, Nikes really don't cost $180 to makes) Ads corrupt our culture Ads exploit children |
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Building a deceptive ad
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Hedges: words or phrases that weaken a claim w/o denying it (ex. one of the highest rated)
Elliptical comparatives: using comparative adverbs without clear referents (ex. Our product gives you more) Implied causation: responsible for outcome Pseudoscience: reporting of scientific evidence in incomplete fashion - the illusion that it is supported by science Implied slur on competition: something unfavorable implied about the competition |
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Children's Advertising
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Full understanding of selling intent not until age 8
Young kids trust ads Ads help socialize gender roles while they encourage consumption. Young kids have difficulty in role taking. Program Length Commercials: Cartoons created to promote a particular toy Host-selling: having products implicitly or explicitly endorsed by the host of a show Kids who see commercials initiate more requests for products than those who don't Food is the top product in ads |
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Children Exposure to Ads vs. Public Service Annoucements
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(per year)
2-7 years old 4,400 ads 164 PSAs 8-12 years old 7,600 ads 158 PSAs 13-17 years old 6,000 ads 47 PSAs |
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Regulation Efforts for Advertising
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Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Action for Children's Television (ACT advocacy group Also involved at times are Congress, President, and the Courts |
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ABCs of Disliking Others
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Prejudice (Affect): Negative attitude or feeling toward people simply because of their membership in certain groups
Discrimination (Behavior): Behaviors directed against people because of their membership in certain groups Stereotypes (Cognition): Beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits. |
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Growth Rate of Races in US Population
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2000- 72% white, 12% black, 12% latino
2010- 67% white, 13% black, 15% Latino 2050- 53% white, 13% black, 24% Latino White shrinking, black constant, Latino increasing |
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Race of TV Criminals
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White 5%
Black 10% Latino 15% Asian 15% Middle Easter 46% |
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Illusory correlation
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People overestimate the link between variables that are related only slightly or not at all.
People notice when minorities do something bad more often than whites and that's what they remember. |
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Primetime Market Share Trend
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1990 16% watched small "cable" networks compared to 63% watching major networks
2010 51% watch small "cable" networks compared to 30% watching major networks |
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New Concepts of Audiences
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New models of the audience are moving away from the passive vs. active model.
Webster (1998) argued that audiences are neither all passive nor all active: audience-as mass audience-as-outcome audience-as agent |
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Digital Divides
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Younger users are more likely than older users to:
Conduct research for school or job Look for new job info Use instant messaging Use dating web sites Download music files |
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Synchronous
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Two or more people have real-time (simultaneous) communication.. ex. instant messaging or chatting, video conferencing
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Asynchronous
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People communicate with each other independently (ex. me first, then you). Provides time/space flexibility...ex. email and virtual teams.
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Percent Growth for different forms of new media
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Video Enabled Cell Phone Service - highest 300%
HDTV - 42% DVR - 38% Video Capable Phones - 59% VCR - -4% |
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New Conceptions of Scarcity, time, and space
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Concept of Scarcity - GONE! Bits can be shared; atoms cannot
Constraint of Time: GONE! Time-shifting (Tivo, podcasting, 24x7 tech support via the web Constraint of Space: GONE! There are no geographical boundaries. Internet technology lets us "space shift" like we "time shift" |
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Public Service Announcements
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Intended to change public attitudes by raising awareness about specific issues (ex. health, safety)
They work as long as they don't turn people off and as long as people can do something about the danger or problem Recent study found that TV stations donate an average of 17 seconds an hour to public service announcements Nearly half (46%) air after midnight |
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Altruism on American TV
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Altruism: Examples include sharing, donating, offering help, and comforting.
Correlation .37, Studies 20, Subjects 856 73% featured altruism, a rate of 3 acts per hour Most initiators were adults 69, males 66, and white 79 Most reicpients were humans 80, adults 61, white 79 |