• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/39

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

39 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Preventable causes of death in the US in 1990 and 2000
1. Tobacco 400,000 (19%) in 1990, 435,000 (18.1%) in 2000
2. Poor Diet and Physical Inactivity 300,000 (14%) in 1990, 400,000 (16.6%) in 2000
3. Alcohol Consumption 100,000 (5%) in 1990, 85,000 (3.5%) in 2000
Effects of Smoking in Movies
Responsible for about 50% of new smokers!
The older one is and the more movies they see with smoking the more likely they are to try smoking.
Grade 8 who have seen greater than 150 movie tobacco uses about 37% have tried.
Male and female effects are the same.
Effects are stronger on kids if their parents are non-smokers
Relationships between smoking in movies and movie ratings
"R" rated films make less money
Most smoking occurs in PG-13 films
Studios and producers routinely consider ratings when editing films
No studio will accept an "R" rating just to promote smoking.
Violence and sex may sell, but not smoking.
The media depicts smoking as cool, sexy, fun, tough, and sophisticated. Smoking effects are the opposite.
Smoking in the real world is decreasing, whereas smoking in movies is increasing.
Product Placement in Movies and Possible Solutions
Companies pay producers to place their product in movies to advertise

Solutions:
Certify no payoffs - don't pay famous people to smoke cigs in movies
Require strong anti-smoking ads
Stop identifying tobacco brands in movies
Rate new smoking movies "R" - many studios would cut smoking so they can be rated PG-13 because more people watch PG-13
BMI Categorization
Body Mass Index = weight kilograms/(height in meters)^2
Underweight <18.5
Normal weight 18.5-24.9
Overweight 25-29.9
Obesity 30-39.9
Extreme obesity >40
Soft Drink Consumption and Health
American consumption has increased 500% in last 50 years
Americans spend over $54 billion a year
Average American drinks 53 gallons each year
In a healthy 120lb one 20 oz soda every days has enough calories to equal 27 lbs/year and takes 2 hours of walking to burn the calories from one
Along w/ cavities soda has been linked to diabetes, kidney stones, heart disease, osteoporosis, and obesity.
Extra soft drink a day increases risk of obesity by 60%, and children are 3 times more likely to develop bone fractures
Food Pyramids 1992 vs. 2004
1992
Fats and oils - use sparingly
Milk, yogurt, cheese - 2 to 3 servings
Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, nuts, and dry beans - 2 to 3 servings
Vegetables - 3 to 5 servings
Fruits - 2 to 4 servings
Bread, cereal, rice, pasta - 6 to 11 servings

2004
Red meat and butter - use sparingly
White rice, white bread, potatoes, pasta and sweets - use sparingly
Dairy or calcium supplements - 1 to 2 servings
Fish, poultry, or eggs - 0 to 2 servings
Nuts and legumes - 1 to 3 servings
Vegetables - In abundance
Fruit - 2 to 3 servings
Whole grain foods - at most meals
Plant oils - at most meals
DAILY EXERCISE AND WEIGHT CONTROL

2004 - outlined by authors distinguishes between healthy and unhealthy types of fat and carbohydrates. Fruits and vegetables are still recommended, but the consumption of dairy products should be limited.

1992 - conceived to convey the message that fat is bad and its corollary carbs are good. now being questioned.
Advertising by Food Manufacturers
Prepared, convenience foods - 22.1% $1,563 million
Confectionery and snacks 15.5% $1,095 million
Alcoholic Beverages - 15.3% $1,082 million
Soft drinks and water - 9.9% $702 million
Fruits, vegetables, grains, and beans - 2.2% $159 million
Measuring Up
Average American woman = 5'4" 140 lbs
Average American model = 5'11" 117 lbs
80% of women dissatisfied with their appearance
45% of women on a diet
91% of college women have dieted
35% of "normal dieters" progress to pathological dieting and/or eating disorders
60% of American women are a size 12 or lager
Marilyn Monroe wore size 14
Body Dissatisfaction
About one-third of all Americans are truly dissatisfied w/ their appearance, women more than men.
Women commonly complain about their thighs, abdomen, breasts and buttocks
Men are dissatisfied w/ their abdomen, upper body, and balding heads
42% of 1st and 3rd graders want to be thinner
80% of 4th and 5th graders are afraid of being fat
Girls are more afraid of becoming fat than they are of nuclear war, cancer, or losing parents.
Dieting
Americans spend over $40 million/year on dieting products (more than what the US spends on education, training, employment, and social services combined)
About 8,000,000 people in the US have an eating disorder
Over a life time, at least 50,000 people will die because of their eating disorder
Bulimia:Eating without tasting
Binges
Feels out of control when eating
Uses vomiting, laxatives, or exercise to prevent food absorption
Bulimia affects 1 to 3% of adolescent and young adult women.
10 times more common in females than males, especially women born after 1960
Anorexia Nervosa
Feel "fat"
Terrified of gaining wait
Weighs 85% or less of ideal weight
Anorexia is found among .5% to 1% of adolescent and young adult females
Prevalence in males is .05% to .1%
High morbidity: 10% of anorexia patients die (e.g., starvation, suicide). It is the most DEADLY psychiatric illness.
Alcohol advertising on TV
Most apparent during major pro sports then college sports the other pro sports then dramas then situation comedies

In 1997, 223 movies and 181 TV series had paid alcohol product placement
Product Placement of alcohol in films and TV is industry regulated. Agreed to avoid youth oriented TV and movies.
FTC notes: "alcohol placement regularly occurs in PG films with sizable underage appeal and on 8 of 18 TV shows most popular with teens.
Substance use by Major Characters
Top 80 Episodes Portraying Substance use by Major Characters
Alcohol
Teen 53%
Adult 70%
All 168 episodes 56%

Tobacco
Teen 11%
Adult 14%
All 11%

Illicit Drugs
Teen 1%
Adult 1%
All 2%
Television Drinking Episodes Portraying Consequences
Humor - 45%
Anti-Use statement - 8%
Pro-Use statement - 7%
Refusal - 1%
Negative Consequences - 23%
Does the Media Mirror the Real World?
Alcohol
The media depict drinking as cool, sexy, fun, tough, and sophisticated. Alcohol Effects are the opposite
Drinking in the real world is decreasing, whereas drinking in the media is increasing.

Food Consumption
In the media, people who consume unhealthy food are slender, healthy, and strong. In the real world, people who consume unhealthy food get fat, sick, and weak.
Obesity in the US is increasing, whereas obesity in the media is decreasing

Smoking
The media depict smoking as cool, sexy, fun, tough, and sophisticated. Smoking effects are the opposite
Smoking in the real world is decreasing, whereas smoking in movies is increasing.

The media mirror is a fun house mirror that provides a distorted view of reality
First Newspaper Ads in America
1704 - First newspaper ads
Mid 1800s - explosion in magazine ads
Product Placement (Advertising)
Product placement costs about $5 billion annually
Reality TV shows depend on product placements
Product placement in TV shows has moved from mere props to becoming part of the story lines.
Political ads are even placed in video games
Modern cinema relies on product placement to offset production costs
The practice is now so widespread that movies parody product placement
Why Product Placement is Popular
Viewers can flip past commercials or "zap" them using TIVO.
A commercial, advertisement, or billboard is temporary; a planted product remains on a film forever.
Product placement is cheaper than buying commercial time
Product placement is more subtle, so people let down their guard.

Advertising wear out is less problematic with product placement because consumers may feel resentful and irritated to prolonged exposure but prolong exposure makes ad more effective.
Subliminal Ads
Use of hidden, imperceptible, or masked images or words in ads to influence people without their awareness.
Subliminal ads influence people
More research is needed on the effectiveness of subliminal messages.

Most subliminal ads are mostly about sex
Criticisms about ads
Ads are intrusive. Our lives are overwhelmed with ads.
Advertising is deceptive
Ads undermine free market competition (the biggest ad-budget wins, Nikes really don't cost $180 to makes)
Ads corrupt our culture
Ads exploit children
Building a deceptive ad
Hedges: words or phrases that weaken a claim w/o denying it (ex. one of the highest rated)
Elliptical comparatives: using comparative adverbs without clear referents (ex. Our product gives you more)
Implied causation: responsible for outcome
Pseudoscience: reporting of scientific evidence in incomplete fashion - the illusion that it is supported by science
Implied slur on competition: something unfavorable implied about the competition
Children's Advertising
Full understanding of selling intent not until age 8
Young kids trust ads
Ads help socialize gender roles while they encourage consumption.
Young kids have difficulty in role taking.
Program Length Commercials: Cartoons created to promote a particular toy
Host-selling: having products implicitly or explicitly endorsed by the host of a show
Kids who see commercials initiate more requests for products than those who don't

Food is the top product in ads
Children Exposure to Ads vs. Public Service Annoucements
(per year)
2-7 years old 4,400 ads 164 PSAs
8-12 years old 7,600 ads 158 PSAs
13-17 years old 6,000 ads 47 PSAs
Regulation Efforts for Advertising
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
Action for Children's Television (ACT advocacy group
Also involved at times are Congress, President, and the Courts
ABCs of Disliking Others
Prejudice (Affect): Negative attitude or feeling toward people simply because of their membership in certain groups
Discrimination (Behavior): Behaviors directed against people because of their membership in certain groups
Stereotypes (Cognition): Beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits.
Growth Rate of Races in US Population
2000- 72% white, 12% black, 12% latino
2010- 67% white, 13% black, 15% Latino
2050- 53% white, 13% black, 24% Latino

White shrinking, black constant, Latino increasing
Race of TV Criminals
White 5%
Black 10%
Latino 15%
Asian 15%
Middle Easter 46%
Illusory correlation
People overestimate the link between variables that are related only slightly or not at all.

People notice when minorities do something bad more often than whites and that's what they remember.
Primetime Market Share Trend
1990 16% watched small "cable" networks compared to 63% watching major networks

2010 51% watch small "cable" networks compared to 30% watching major networks
New Concepts of Audiences
New models of the audience are moving away from the passive vs. active model.
Webster (1998) argued that audiences are neither all passive nor all active:
audience-as mass
audience-as-outcome
audience-as agent
Digital Divides
Younger users are more likely than older users to:
Conduct research for school or job
Look for new job info
Use instant messaging
Use dating web sites
Download music files
Synchronous
Two or more people have real-time (simultaneous) communication.. ex. instant messaging or chatting, video conferencing
Asynchronous
People communicate with each other independently (ex. me first, then you). Provides time/space flexibility...ex. email and virtual teams.
Percent Growth for different forms of new media
Video Enabled Cell Phone Service - highest 300%
HDTV - 42%
DVR - 38%
Video Capable Phones - 59%
VCR - -4%
New Conceptions of Scarcity, time, and space
Concept of Scarcity - GONE! Bits can be shared; atoms cannot
Constraint of Time: GONE! Time-shifting (Tivo, podcasting, 24x7 tech support via the web
Constraint of Space: GONE! There are no geographical boundaries. Internet technology lets us "space shift" like we "time shift"
Public Service Announcements
Intended to change public attitudes by raising awareness about specific issues (ex. health, safety)

They work as long as they don't turn people off and as long as people can do something about the danger or problem
Recent study found that TV stations donate an average of 17 seconds an hour to public service announcements
Nearly half (46%) air after midnight
Altruism on American TV
Altruism: Examples include sharing, donating, offering help, and comforting.
Correlation .37, Studies 20, Subjects 856
73% featured altruism, a rate of 3 acts per hour
Most initiators were adults 69, males 66, and white 79
Most reicpients were humans 80, adults 61, white 79