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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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telegraph
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sent electrical impulses from a transmitter through a cable to a reception point
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Morse code
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series of dots and dashes that stood for letters in the alphabet
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electromagnetic waves
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invisible electronic impulses similar to visible light
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radio waves
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could be harnessed so that signals could be sent from a transmission point and obtained at a reception point
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wireless telegraphy
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a form of voiceless point-to-point communication
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wireless telephony
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wireless voice and music transmissions
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broadcasting
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the transmission of radio waves (and, later, TV signals) to a broad public audience
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narrowcasting
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person-to-person communication
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Radio Act of 1912
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passed by Congress and required all wireless stations to obtain radio licenses from Commerce Department
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Radio Corporation of America (RCA)
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new company that by the end of 1919 had pooled necessary technology and patents to monopolize the wireless industry and expand US communication technology throughout the world
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network
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a cost-saving operation that links, through special phone lines (and later, satellite rays), a group of broadcast stations that share programming produced at a central location
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option time
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CBS paid affiliate stations $50 per hour for an option on any portion of their time; network provided programs and sold ad space or sponsorships to various companies
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Radio Act of 1927
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stated that licenses did not own their channels but could license them as long as they operated to serve the "public interest, convenience, or necessity"
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Federal Radio Commission (FRC)
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oversees licenses and negotiates channel problems (all members appointed by president)
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Federal Communications Act of 1934
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the FRC became the Federal Communications COmmission (FCC); jurisdiction covered not only radio but also telephone, telegraph, and later tv, cable, and internet
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serial show
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a program that features continuing story lines from one day to the next
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transistors
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small electrical devices that could receive and amplify radio signal; small, portable radio
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FM
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frequency modulation; accentuated pitch (distance) between waves; ideal for music, supplying greater fidelity and clarity than AM
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AM
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amplitude modulation; stressed volume (height) of waves
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format radio
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management rather than deejays controlled programming
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rotation
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playing the top songs many times during the day
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payola
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the practice by which record promoters paid deejays to play particular records
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pay-for-play
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involves up-front payments from record companies to radio stations to play a song a specific number of times
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drive time
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when people are commuting to and from work or school; how the heaviest radio listening time
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news/talk format
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format dominated by either news programs or talk shows, appealing to adults over 35 (except sports talk programs)
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adult contemporary (AC) format
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middle-of-the-road (MOR); eclectic mix of news, talk, oldies, and soft rock
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contemporary hit radio (CHR)
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top 40 radio
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country format
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includes such subdivisions as old time, progressive country, country-rock, western swing, and country gospel
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urban format
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targets a wide variety of African American listeners, primarily in large cities
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album-oriented rock (AOR) formula
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progressive rock as copied, tamed, and absorbed by mainstream radio
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Telecommunications Act of 1996
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the FCC eliminated most ownership restrictions on radio
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National Public Radio (NPR) and Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)
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1st noncommercial networks
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Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 and Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB)
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mandated NPR and PBS to provide alternatives to commercial broadcasting
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Pacifica Foundation
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runs experimental public stations that often challenge the status quo in radio and government
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low power FM (LPFM) service
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licenses 10- and 100-watt stations
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Internet radio
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either an existing station streams a simulcast version of its on-air signal on the Web or a station is created exclusively for the Internet
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satellite radio
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added a third band to AM and FM; great range of music channels and shows hosted by popular personalities
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podcasting
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refers to the practice of making audio files available on the INternet so listeners can download them onto their computers
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celluloid
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a transparent and pliable film that could hold a coating, or film, of chemicals sensitive to light
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kinetograph
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early movie camera
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kinetoscope
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early viewing system; viewers looked through a hole and saw images moving on a tiny plate
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vitascope
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a new large-screen system that enabled filmstrips of longer length to be projected without interruption
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narrative films
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movies that tell stories
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nickelodeon
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small and uncomfortable makeshift theater; first type of movie theater
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vertical integration
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aimed to dominate at all three essential levels of film industry
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oligopoly
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a few firms control the bulk of the business
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studio system
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constituted a sort of assembly-line process for moviemaking
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block booking
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to gain access to popular fils exhibitors had to agree to rent new/marginal films with no stars
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movie palaces
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with elaborate architecture, lured spectators who enjoyed entertainment amid the elegant decor usually reserved for high-society opera, ballet, symphony, and live theater
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multiplexes
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feature multiple screens and lure middle-class crowds to interstate crossroads
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Big Five
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Paramount, MGM, Warner Brothers, Twentieth Century Fox, RKO
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Little Three
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Columbia, Universal, United Artists
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talkies
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movies with sound
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newsreels
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weekly 10-min magazine-stylecompilations of filmed news events from around the world organized in a sequence of short reports
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movietone system
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photographed sound directly onto film
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blockbusters
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movie hits
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genre
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category
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interest films
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contained compiled footage of regional wars, political leaders, industrial workers, and agricultural scenes; accompanied fiction shorts as part of moviegoing experience
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travelogues
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recorded daily life in various communities around the world
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documentary
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a genre that interprets reality by recording real people and settings
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cinema verité
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documentary style aimed to track reality, employing a rough, grainy look and shaky, handheld camerawork
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indies
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independently produced films
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megaplexes
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facilities with 14 or more screens
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Hollywood Ten
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hearings and subsequent trials led by House Un-American Activities Committee in search for political radicals in film industry
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Paramount decision
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ruling by Supreme Court that forced studios to end vertical integration by gradually divesting themselves of their theaters; 1948
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multiplexes
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multiscreen movie complexes located either in shopping malls or at the crossroads of major highways (1970s)
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synergy
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the promotion and sale of a product throughout the various subsidiaries of the media conglomerate
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digital video
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less expensive, lightweight cameras and ability to see camerawork instantly and capture additional footage without extra cost
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consensus narratives
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cultural products that become popular and command white attention
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the Internet
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vast network of telephone and cable lines and satellite systems designed to link and carry computer information worldwide
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novelty/development stage
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inventors and technicians try to solve a particular problem
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entrepreneurial stage
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inventors and investors determine a practical and marketable use for the new device
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mass medium stage
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businesses figure out how to market the new device as an appealing consumer product
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ARPAnet
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"the Net"; the original Internet; enabled military and academic researchers to communicate on a distributed network system
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email
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electronic mail
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computer bulletin boards
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sites that listed information about particular topics
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servers
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computers that operate as entry points for Internet traffic and are interconnected by special high-speed data lines
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newsgroups
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loosely organized computer conferences that consist of bulletin boards and individual messages/postings which are circulated to subscribers 24/7
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World Wide Web
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initially a text data-linking system that allowed computer-accessed information to associate with, or link to, other information no matter where it was on the Internet
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hypertext
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data-linking feature
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HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
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the written code that creates Web pages and links and can be read by all computers
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browsers
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the software packages that help uses navigate the Web
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portal
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all-purpose entry point
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Internet service provider (ISP)
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connects home users to Web system
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search engine
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helps users find sites on the Web
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broadband
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faster connections
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directories
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rely on people to review and catalogue Web sites, creating categories with hierarchical topic structures that can be browsed
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search engines
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allow users to enter keywords or queries to locate related Web pages
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instant messaging (IM)
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enables users to send and receive real-time computer messages
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Internet 2 (I2)
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a more advanced, second generation of the Internet
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participatory media
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individuals can become producers by creating and distributing their own messages
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digital communication
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an image, text, or sound is converted into electronic signals represented as a series of binary numbers (1s and 0s) which are then reassembled as a precise reproduction of an image, text, or sound (1940s)
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microprocessors
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miniature circuits that can process and store electronic signals (1971)
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fiber-optic cable
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thin cables that allow information to be transported via lasers (mid-1980s)
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media convergence
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multimedia content can be delivered in a number of forms
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Telecommunications Act of 1996
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allowed most regional and long-distance phone companies to participate in both cable and Internet-access businesses
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open-source software
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an ethic in which amateur hackers developing software freely shared the program source code and ideas to upgrade and improve the programs
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blogs
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Web logs; sites that contain articles in chronological, journal-like form, often with reader comments and links to other articles on the Web
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vlogs
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video on blog pages
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spam
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the Internet equivalent of unwanted junk mail
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phishing
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a new twist on identity theft that begins with phony email messages that pretend to be from an official site and request credit card information and personal information to "update their account"
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e-commerce
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selling and purchasing products and services on the Internet
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cookies
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information profiles about a user that are usually automatically accepted by the Web browser and stored on the Web's own computer hard drive
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spyware
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permits a third party to retrieve personal information on computer users and send pop-up ads to users' computer screens
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opt-in policies
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require that Web site gain explicit permission from online consumers before the site can collect their personal data
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opt-out policies
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involve the automatic collection of personal data unless the consumer goes to the trouble of filling out a specific form to "opt out" of the practice
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digital divide
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refers to the growing contrast between "information haves" and "information have-nots"
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Wi-Fi
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a standard for short-distance wireless networking
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mass customization
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whereby product companies and content providers can customize a Web page or media form for an individual consumer
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