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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
which organs (3) undergo coagulative necrosis
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heart, liver, kidney
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what main organ undergoes liquefactive necrosis
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brain
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caseous necrosis is a sign of what infection
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TB or systemic fungal infection
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what main organ undergoes fatty necrosis (aka saponification)
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pancreas
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what part of the body undergoes fibroid necrosis
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blood vessels
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Between "Bax" and "Bcl-2"- which one is pro-apoptosis and which one is anti-apoptosis
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"Bax" is pro-apoptosis
"Bcl-2" is anti-apoptosis |
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during the steps of leukocyte extravasation, tight binding occurs via which ligand
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ICAM-1 (integrins)
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during the steps of leukocyte extravasation, diapedesis occurs via which ligand
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PECAM-1
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during the steps of leukocyte extravasation, rolling occurs via which ligands
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E-selectin and P-selectin
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3 endogenous enzymes in the body that are protective against free radicals
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catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase
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which vitamins can act as antioxidants against free radicals
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A,C,E
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which cytokine induces granuloma formation
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TNF-alpha
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differences between transudate and exudate
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transudate: hypocellular, no protein, low specific gravity; caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, or sodium retention
exudates: hypercellular, high protein, high specific gravity; caused by lymphatic obstruction or inflammation |
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3 conditions associated with decreased ESR
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sickle cells
polycythemia CHF |
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5 conditions associated with increased ESR
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infection
inflammation (eg. temporal arteritis) cancer pregnancy SLE |
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this condition can be visualized by a Congo Red Stain as apple-green birefringence
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amyloidosis
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primary amyloidosis has what protein
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AL (light chain)
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secondary amyloidosis has what protein
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AA
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Alzheimer's disease has what amyloid protein
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AB
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senile cardiac amyloidosis has what protein
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AF (transthyretin)
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type II diabetes amyloidosis has what protein
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AE (amylin)
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amyloidosis associated with medullar thyroid carcinoma has what protein
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A-CAL (calcitonin-based)
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dialysis-associated amyloidosis has what protein
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B2-microglobulin
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Bence Jones proteins seen in multiple myeloma are associated with what type of amyloidosis
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primary amyloidosis (AL proteins)
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which type of shock has a high cardiac output and low TPR
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septic
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which type of shock is characterized by an increased venous return due to dilated arterioles
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septic
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condition in which one type of cell is replaced by another
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metaplasia
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MOST common disease characterizd by metaplasia
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Barret's esophagus
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difference between the stage and grade of a cancer
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staging: marks the degree of "spread" of the cancer via metastasis-> uses the TNM staging system
grading: marks the degree of "cell differentiation" of the cancer-> graded I-IV based on the degree of mitosis |
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which is more prognostically important in cancer, the grade or stage?
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the stage of the cancer is most prognostic
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difference in terminology between "carcinoma" and "sarcoma"
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carcinoma suggests epithelial origin
sarcoma suggests mesenchymal origin |
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are benign tumors well or poorly differentiated
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benign tumors are well differentiated with no metastasis
malignant tumors are poorly differentiated with metastasis |
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cancers associated with Down syndrome
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ALL and AML
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cancers associated with xeroderma pigmentosum and albinism
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melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma
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cancers associated with tuberous sclerosis
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astrocytomas, angiomyolipomas, and cardiac rhabdomyomas
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cancer associated with actinic keratosis
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squamous cell carcinoma
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cancer associated with Barrett's esophagus
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esophageal adenocarcinoma (only)
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cancer associated with Plummer-Vinson syndrome
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squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (only)
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cancers associated with Paget's disease
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osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma
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cancers associated with AIDS
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non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma
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cancer associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and myasthenia gravis
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lymphoma (thymoma specifically in MG)
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cancers associated with Acanthosis nigricans
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this is a visceral malignancy that is a sign of cancer of the stomach, lung, breast, or uterus
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cancer associated with abl gene mutation
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CML
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cancer associated with c-myc gene mutation
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Burkitt's lymphoma
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cancer associated with ras gene mutation
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colon cancer
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cancer associated with L-myc gene mutation
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lung cancer
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cancer associated with N-myc gene mutation
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neuroblastoma
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condition associated with ret gene mutation
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MEN
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mutated Rb (13q) gene
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retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma, pineoblastoma
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gene mutation in Li-Fraumeni syndrome
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p53 (17p)
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mutated BRCA1 gene (17q)
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breast and ovarian cancer
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mutated BRCA2 gene (13q)
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breast cancer
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mutated p16 gene (9p)
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melanoma
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mutated APC gene (5q)
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colorectal cancer
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mutated WT1 gene (11p)
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Wilms' tumor
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mutated NF1 gene (17q)
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neurofibromatosis type I
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mutated NF2 gene (22q)
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neurofibromatosis type II
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mutated DPC gene (18q)
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pancreatic cancer
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mutated DCC gene (18q)
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colon cancer
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tumor marker for prostate cancer and BPH
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PSA
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difference in PSA values in prostate cancer versus BPH
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in prostate cancer, the PSA is bound to alpha-1-antichymotrypsin
in BPH, the PSA is free |
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tumor marker that specifically suggests METASTASIS of prostate cancer
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prostatic acid phosphatase
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alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a tumor marker for what cancers
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hepatocellular carcinoma and yolk sac tumors of the testes
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B-hCG is a tumor marker for what 3 cancers
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Hydatidiform moles
Choriocarcinomas Gestational trophoblastic tumors ("HCG") |
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tumor marker for ovarian cancer
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CA-125
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tumor marker for obstructive biliary disease and Paget's disease of the bone
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alkaline phosphatase
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tumor marker for hairy cell leukemia
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TRAP
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tumor marker for medullary thyroid carcinoma
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calcitonin
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tumor specific for pancreatic cancer
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CA-19-9
(CEA is a nonspecific tumor marker that suggests either pancreatic, colorectal, gastric, or breast cancer) |
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virus linked to adult T-cell lymphoma
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HTLV-1
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which hepatitis virus(es) are linked to hepatocellular carcinoma
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HBV and HCV
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virus linked to Burkitt's lymphoma and some forms of Hodgkin's lymphoma
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EBV
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virus linked to Kaposi's sarcoma
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HHV-8
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microbe linked to bladder cancer
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Schistosoma
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virus linked to primary CNS lymphoma
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HIV
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bacteria linked to gastric adenocarcinoma
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H. pylori
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aflatoxins, vinyl chloride, and CCl4 are all chemical carcinogens that damage what organ
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liver
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nitrosamines are chemical carcinogens that affect what organ
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esophagus/stomach
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asbestos causes what cancer
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malignant mesothelioma (lung)
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naphthalene (aniline) dyes cause what cancer
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bladder (transitional cell) carcinoma
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hormones secreted by small cell (oat cell) carcinoma of the lung
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ACTH and ADH
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hormone secreted by squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
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PTH-like hormone
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psammoma bodies are present in what 4 cancers
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meningioma
malignant mesothelioma serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid |
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5 common cancers that metastasize to the brain
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lung, breast, skin, kidney, GI
("Lots Bad Stuff Kills Glia") |
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MOST common cancer to metastasize to the liver
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colon
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5 common cancer that metastasize to bone
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prostate, thyroid, breast, lung, kidney
("P.T. Barnum Loves Kids") |