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86 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
which organs (3) undergo coagulative necrosis
heart, liver, kidney
what main organ undergoes liquefactive necrosis
brain
caseous necrosis is a sign of what infection
TB or systemic fungal infection
what main organ undergoes fatty necrosis (aka saponification)
pancreas
what part of the body undergoes fibroid necrosis
blood vessels
Between "Bax" and "Bcl-2"- which one is pro-apoptosis and which one is anti-apoptosis
"Bax" is pro-apoptosis
"Bcl-2" is anti-apoptosis
during the steps of leukocyte extravasation, tight binding occurs via which ligand
ICAM-1 (integrins)
during the steps of leukocyte extravasation, diapedesis occurs via which ligand
PECAM-1
during the steps of leukocyte extravasation, rolling occurs via which ligands
E-selectin and P-selectin
3 endogenous enzymes in the body that are protective against free radicals
catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase
which vitamins can act as antioxidants against free radicals
A,C,E
which cytokine induces granuloma formation
TNF-alpha
differences between transudate and exudate
transudate: hypocellular, no protein, low specific gravity; caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, or sodium retention

exudates: hypercellular, high protein, high specific gravity; caused by lymphatic obstruction or inflammation
3 conditions associated with decreased ESR
sickle cells
polycythemia
CHF
5 conditions associated with increased ESR
infection
inflammation (eg. temporal arteritis)
cancer
pregnancy
SLE
this condition can be visualized by a Congo Red Stain as apple-green birefringence
amyloidosis
primary amyloidosis has what protein
AL (light chain)
secondary amyloidosis has what protein
AA
Alzheimer's disease has what amyloid protein
AB
senile cardiac amyloidosis has what protein
AF (transthyretin)
type II diabetes amyloidosis has what protein
AE (amylin)
amyloidosis associated with medullar thyroid carcinoma has what protein
A-CAL (calcitonin-based)
dialysis-associated amyloidosis has what protein
B2-microglobulin
Bence Jones proteins seen in multiple myeloma are associated with what type of amyloidosis
primary amyloidosis (AL proteins)
which type of shock has a high cardiac output and low TPR
septic
which type of shock is characterized by an increased venous return due to dilated arterioles
septic
condition in which one type of cell is replaced by another
metaplasia
MOST common disease characterizd by metaplasia
Barret's esophagus
difference between the stage and grade of a cancer
staging: marks the degree of "spread" of the cancer via metastasis-> uses the TNM staging system

grading: marks the degree of "cell differentiation" of the cancer-> graded I-IV based on the degree of mitosis
which is more prognostically important in cancer, the grade or stage?
the stage of the cancer is most prognostic
difference in terminology between "carcinoma" and "sarcoma"
carcinoma suggests epithelial origin
sarcoma suggests mesenchymal origin
are benign tumors well or poorly differentiated
benign tumors are well differentiated with no metastasis
malignant tumors are poorly differentiated with metastasis
cancers associated with Down syndrome
ALL and AML
cancers associated with xeroderma pigmentosum and albinism
melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma
cancers associated with tuberous sclerosis
astrocytomas, angiomyolipomas, and cardiac rhabdomyomas
cancer associated with actinic keratosis
squamous cell carcinoma
cancer associated with Barrett's esophagus
esophageal adenocarcinoma (only)
cancer associated with Plummer-Vinson syndrome
squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (only)
cancers associated with Paget's disease
osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma
cancers associated with AIDS
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma
cancer associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and myasthenia gravis
lymphoma (thymoma specifically in MG)
cancers associated with Acanthosis nigricans
this is a visceral malignancy that is a sign of cancer of the stomach, lung, breast, or uterus
cancer associated with abl gene mutation
CML
cancer associated with c-myc gene mutation
Burkitt's lymphoma
cancer associated with ras gene mutation
colon cancer
cancer associated with L-myc gene mutation
lung cancer
cancer associated with N-myc gene mutation
neuroblastoma
condition associated with ret gene mutation
MEN
mutated Rb (13q) gene
retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma, pineoblastoma
gene mutation in Li-Fraumeni syndrome
p53 (17p)
mutated BRCA1 gene (17q)
breast and ovarian cancer
mutated BRCA2 gene (13q)
breast cancer
mutated p16 gene (9p)
melanoma
mutated APC gene (5q)
colorectal cancer
mutated WT1 gene (11p)
Wilms' tumor
mutated NF1 gene (17q)
neurofibromatosis type I
mutated NF2 gene (22q)
neurofibromatosis type II
mutated DPC gene (18q)
pancreatic cancer
mutated DCC gene (18q)
colon cancer
tumor marker for prostate cancer and BPH
PSA
difference in PSA values in prostate cancer versus BPH
in prostate cancer, the PSA is bound to alpha-1-antichymotrypsin

in BPH, the PSA is free
tumor marker that specifically suggests METASTASIS of prostate cancer
prostatic acid phosphatase
alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a tumor marker for what cancers
hepatocellular carcinoma and yolk sac tumors of the testes
B-hCG is a tumor marker for what 3 cancers
Hydatidiform moles
Choriocarcinomas
Gestational trophoblastic tumors

("HCG")
tumor marker for ovarian cancer
CA-125
tumor marker for obstructive biliary disease and Paget's disease of the bone
alkaline phosphatase
tumor marker for hairy cell leukemia
TRAP
tumor marker for medullary thyroid carcinoma
calcitonin
tumor specific for pancreatic cancer
CA-19-9

(CEA is a nonspecific tumor marker that suggests either pancreatic, colorectal, gastric, or breast cancer)
virus linked to adult T-cell lymphoma
HTLV-1
which hepatitis virus(es) are linked to hepatocellular carcinoma
HBV and HCV
virus linked to Burkitt's lymphoma and some forms of Hodgkin's lymphoma
EBV
virus linked to Kaposi's sarcoma
HHV-8
microbe linked to bladder cancer
Schistosoma
virus linked to primary CNS lymphoma
HIV
bacteria linked to gastric adenocarcinoma
H. pylori
aflatoxins, vinyl chloride, and CCl4 are all chemical carcinogens that damage what organ
liver
nitrosamines are chemical carcinogens that affect what organ
esophagus/stomach
asbestos causes what cancer
malignant mesothelioma (lung)
naphthalene (aniline) dyes cause what cancer
bladder (transitional cell) carcinoma
hormones secreted by small cell (oat cell) carcinoma of the lung
ACTH and ADH
hormone secreted by squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
PTH-like hormone
psammoma bodies are present in what 4 cancers
meningioma
malignant mesothelioma
serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary
adenocarcinoma of the thyroid
5 common cancers that metastasize to the brain
lung, breast, skin, kidney, GI

("Lots Bad Stuff Kills Glia")
MOST common cancer to metastasize to the liver
colon
5 common cancer that metastasize to bone
prostate, thyroid, breast, lung, kidney

("P.T. Barnum Loves Kids")