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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What two ways do we understand each other even with such marked differences in our anatomy?
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listeners apply "templates"
timbre and pitch serve as cues |
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When trying to adapt to new speakers, our brain might be looking at what?
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The ratios between the frequencies of their speech and comparing it to another person's we've heard that may be broadly similar
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When the production of the vowel is influenced by the sounds that are adjacent to it.
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coarticulation
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When the corner vowels are undershot or not quite achieved when the person is producing normal speech.
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vowel neutralization
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Why is the undershoot referred to as vowel neutralization?
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Because the position of the tongue is a little closer to the neutral vowel (shwa) in the middle of the vocal tract.
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What is a common disorder in which the vowels will be under-articulated too much?
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dysarthrias
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What can a clinician look at to get a reflection of overall intelligibility?
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vowel space area within the vowel quadrilateral
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When treating a patient and looking at the vowel quadrilateral, an increase in overall space would be reflective of what?
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larger articulator movements (typically associated with improved speech intelligibility)
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A reflection of how much variability there can be in the first and second formants as you produce that vowel in different contexts.
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vowel ellipses
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Why do we use vowel ellipses?
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Tho show that the frequencies can vary around the central or ideal target but it's still an acceptable version of that vowel.
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What are the most common vowels across languages?
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/i/, /u/, /a/
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Languages tend to have between __ and __ vowels?
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3, 9
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The common vowels have _________ spacing that tends to put them at the ______ of the vowel quadrilateral. This means that they are more __________ from each other and gives the _______ a better chance to __________ one from another.
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acoustic
edge distinctive brain separate |
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The changes in F1 and F2 when you go from a consonant to a vowel or vice versa.
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formant transitions
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While observing the articulators of a __________ person, you will see that they don't ______ ____ for very long. They are in almost __________ __________. This means that we are __________ phonemes into each other.
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talking
stay put constant motion blending |
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An ordinary vowel is called a _____________ and has a relatively _______ _______ ________ that is maintained for a period of time.
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monophthong
clear steady state |
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A _____________ is defined by its change. The ________ __________ will change during production.
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diphthong
formant frequencies |
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The __________ is the starting frequency before the movement begins. The __________ is the ending frequency after you've finished making the _________.
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onglide
offglide diphthong |
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In between the onglide and offglide is the ___________ when the formants are ___________.
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transition
changing /oi/, /au/, /ai/ |
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What are three things that make vowels similar to each other?
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voiced
vocal tract relatively open identified by formant patterns |
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This type of consonant forms a complete closure of the vocal tract.
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stops
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This type of consonant constricts the flow of air that is coming through the vocal tract.
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fricatives
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Many consonants have some degree of ________ in their production.
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noise
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What makes an important distinction between oral consonants and nasal consonants?
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whether or not the velopharyngeal port is open
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There is far more potential for things to ____ _________ with consonants. There is greater __________ and ___________ involved in the timing and physical __________ of these sounds.
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go wrong
complexity precision articulation |
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SLPs will spend more of their time treating errors in __________ production than _________ production.
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consonant
vowel |
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What consonants fall into the obstruent category?
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stops/stop-plosive
fricatives affricates Some sort of obstruction. |
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What consonants fall into the non-obstruents?
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nasals
glides/semivowels/approximants liquids Do not completely block off the vocal tract, but have some form of constriction. |
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What is another name for non-obstruents?
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sonorant
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If a stop is accurately articulated, there will be a _____ instance during which there will be no ________ in the vocal tract. During the closure, _____ __________ builds up behind the point of __________ and then as the _________ is ___________, this air ________ out.
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brief
sound air pressure constriction closure released bursts |
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When the articulators move from having formed the stop to the upcoming vowel.
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period of transition
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The stop closure is also sometimes called the _____ ____. It's characterized by a ______ of ________ during the time that the articulatory ___________ is being formed. This is most easily seen if the _____ occurs between ________.
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stop gap
lack energy constriction stop vowels |
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If the stop is produced at the beginning of a word, it would be very __________ in many cases to see the _________ __________ ____________ because of the lack of ________ prior to the formation of the stop.
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difficult
stop closure duration energy |
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What is the usual duration of a stop closure?
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50-150 milliseconds
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When you listen to a person speaking, stop gaps (brief moments of silence) are not really ___________ _________.
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perceptually obvious
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At the very bottom of a spectrogram while viewing a stop, you'll see what's called a __________ ________ - some grey trace there that indicates a very ____ ____________.
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voicing bar
low frequency |
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The voicing bar corresponds to the ___________ of the ________ __________ which is continuing even after the stop has been formed by __________ the tongue against the __________ ________.
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socillation
vocal folds raising alveolar ridge |
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The voiceless stops have a __________ closure duration and the voiced stops have a _________ closure duration.
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longer
shorter |
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We can measure and document changes in things like ______ __________ duration as an index of ___________ adequacy.
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stop closure
articulatory |
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During the time that the constriction is formed, ____ ________ builds up behind the ____________.
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air pressure
constriction |
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Once the constriction is released, the pressure that has built up behind it _________ air out through the _______ that is now gradually opening. First we get a small ___________ which is a rather sharp ________ of air.
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forces
space transient burst |
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The transient (burst) is a very ______ event. Then the _________ continues while the __________ is becoming wider and wider - the air is still ___________ through it. It is forming __________ because the airflow is still relatively ______ - the pressure has not yet __________ to match that of the _____________ around the speaker.
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brief
frication rushing turbulence high decreased atmosphere |
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Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish between what two things on the spectrogram?
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transient and frication interval
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