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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The scientific method states that science is:
1._________ 2._________ 3._________ 4._________ |
empirical
deterministic predictive parsimonious |
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Science based on data is _________.
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empirical
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Science that obeys physical laws is ___________.
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deterministic
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Science that obeys the laws of cause and effect is _________.
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predictive
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When science uses the simplest explanation possible, it is ____________.
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parsimonious
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List 5 reasons to use technology.
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1. Overcome listener bias
2. Describe severity of disorder objectively 3. Track progress over time 4. ASHA - EBP (Evidence Based Practice) 5. Provide biofeedback to client |
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The SLP needs to know __________ physiology in order to __________ and _________ ___________ physiology.
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normal
understand recognize disordered |
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The SLP must understand what the ___________ from the _________ represent and must provide ____________ ___________.
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numbers
instrument expert interpretation |
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What is the measuring of speech production through microphone recordings and studying what it can tell us about the way the larynx is operating or the articulators are moving?
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acoustic phonetics
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Physiologic phonetics is made up of what three components?
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kinematics
aerodynamics electromyography |
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The study of speech movements.
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kinematics
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Pressure, flow and resistance we use to regulate our breathstream.
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aerodynamics
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Electrical activity of muscles as they are activated.
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electromyography
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The aspects of signal processing of the brain.
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speech perception
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In the source-filter model, the larynx serves as the _________ _______. The sound is then sent into the _________ _________, which _________ it. The __________ cannot ___________ on its own - it needs ____ ___________ from the lungs to ________ it.
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sound source
vocal tract filters larynx function air pressure drive |
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The vocal tract acts as a different kind of _______ - it doesn't just ________ things, it actually __________, __________, and __________ some of the ___________ components.
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filter
remove resonates, enhances, strengthens frequency |
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In theory, what 2 systems operate independently of each other, but in reality sometimes interact under certain circumstances?
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larynx & vocal tract
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List four ways you can vary the sound source?
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1. loudness
2. pitch 3. voice quality 4. phonation vs. whispering |
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Loudness:
Low air pressure equals _______ sounds, and the larynx doesn' thave to ________ very _________; higher air pressure equals ________ sounds and the vocal folds will have __________ movements, muscle movement ___________. |
soft
adduct tightly louder bigger increases |
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Pitch:
You can _________ the vocal folds to __________ their tension, which increases their ___________ ____________. You do this by contracting the _____________ muscle, which then rocks the __________ cartilage forward and _________ the vocal cords. |
stretch
increases cricothyroid thyroid stretches |
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Voice quality: You subtly adjust the ______ between the vocal folds, between the __________. Increasing the space makes the voice more ________. Or you can _______ the vocal folds together more firmly to get a a __________ sounding voice. You do this by increasing the levels of __________ in the muscles of ________ (primarily the lateral _____________ and the ______________).
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space
arytenoids breathy press tighter contracion adduction cricoarytenoid thyroarytenoid |
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Phonation vs. Whispering:
You can generate a sound source such as a whisper by _________ ____ between the vocal cords to create ____________ without causing them to ________. The whisper requires the lungs to provide the source of ______ ___________ and the vocal cords to provide the _____________ in order to make the turbulence happen. ___________, on the other hand, requires the vocal cords to ________ during this process. |
pushing air
turbulence vibrate air pressure constriction phonation vibrate |
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What is the fundamental frequency at which the vocal cords vibrate?
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men: 100-120 times per second
women: double that |
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We perceive the fundamental frequency as what?
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the pitch
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The voice is not composed of only a fundamental frequency or _____ ______. There are also a ________ of ___________ which are __________ multiples of the fundamental frequency.
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sine wave
series harmonics integer |
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If the fundamental frequency is 100 Hz, the harmonics will be at ____, ____, ____, etc. If the voice is higher, the spacing will be __________. If the fundamental is 200 Hz, the harmonics will be _____, _____, _____, etc.
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200, 300, 400
greater 400, 600, 800 |
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The series of harmonics results in a whole _________ of sound that is emitted from the _________, and as the fundamental frequency rises and falls, the spread of harmonics will ____________ and ____________.
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spectrum
larynx increase decrease |
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The higher harmonics tend to be _________ in amplitude than the ___________ itself. This results in a harmonic __________ ________, with the fundamental being the __________ element, and then the increasing harmonics becoming progressively __________.
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weaker
fundamental spectral slope strongest weaker |
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On a laryngeal source spectrum graph, the amplitude of the harmonics ___________ as you get into the higher frequencies, and the slope value represents how sharply they _______ _____.
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decreases
drop off |
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In the example of the of the laryngeal source spectrum graph, the 6db level represents harmonics that are quite ________ relative to the fundamental. This results in a voice quality that is ________, ___________, and __________.
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strong
bright brassy resonant |
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In the laryngeal source spectrum graph example, the 12 db slope is characteristic of a more _________ voice and the 18 db slope shows a shart drop-off in upper frequency range and represents a voice that is perceived as being rather ______ or _____.
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typical
weak thin |
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The vocal tract filter is not just for ____________ (weakening) or _________ of what comes out of the larynx (anti-__________). It __________ or echoes sound, it can ___________ the amplitude of some frequencies even as it ___________ the amplitudes of others. The sound that leaves the vocal tract has been ____________ ___________ from what it was when it ____________.
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attenuation
removal resonance resonates increase weakens substantially changed entered |
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Tubes do not _________ sounds but they can ______ and _______ sounds that are put into them. Their _____________ allow resonance.
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generate
shape alter dimensions |
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The best resonance you will get will be for sounds that have what?
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A wavelength that is 4 times that of the tube.
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A tube that is _______ will resonate higher frequencies because they have a ___________ wavelength, and a tube that is ________ will resonate lower frequencies because they have a longer wavelength.
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small
shorter long longer |
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The vocal tract is not a __________ _____; the diameter will ______ along its length, and thus the _________-_____________ area varies. Because of this, __________ frequencies also differ.
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uniform tube
vary cross-sectional resonance |
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The specific features of the vocal tract change depending upon where the __________ are, and also whether they are relatively ________ or _________.
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constriction
mild sever |
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When the diameter of the tube suddenly __________, some of the sound will actually be __________ ______ to where it came from, and another part will go on through. This will ______ the way the sound _________. It will change the _______ of frequencies and the _________ of the different components as they make their way through the tube.
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increases
bounced back alter behaves blend strength |
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When you articulate, you change the _____ and ______ of the ________ _________ at various points along its length by moving your articulators.
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size
shape vocal tract |
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Moving your tongue around in your mouth alters the ______-________ area and thus the tube's _____________ changes. This is how different ________ are created, because their __________ features differ.
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cross-sectional
resonance sounds acoustic |
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During articulation, some frequencies are __________ and others are ___________. the vocal tract ________ differs from the _________. This is called the _________ ________ __________ ____________.
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boosted
attenuated output input vocal tract transfer function |
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What is described as the way sound has changed from larynx to lips?
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vocal tract transfer function
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The sound that leaves the larynx is basically a __________ _______ ________. This sound is very different from what we hear after it has __________ through the _______ ______. The resonating __________ between the larynx and the lips turn it into _________ sounds.
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sawtooth wave form
passed vocal tract different |
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The vocal tract transfer function is a ___________ _______; it is changing all the time as we move our ___________. The ___________ __________ determine the ___________ function.
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variable filter
articulators resonating cavities transfer |
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This is a resonant peak in the vocal tract transfer function.
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formant
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The formant means that some frequencies in a given range are ___________ to boost their ___________ in the spectrum. There can be many of these for any given ________, but the first 2 or 3 of the most _________.
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amplified
prominence vowel interest |
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The formant is not a _________ _______; rather it ________ the way the vocal tract is _________ the sound coming from the larynx. When you look at the spectrum of the sound that ________ the person's _______, you can identify ________ as ______ in the spectrum.
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sound source
reflects shaping leaves mouth formants peaks |
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Formants result from the _________ of the vocal tract _______; they are not a __________ of the sound source of the larynx. It doesn't matter whether there is ___________ or ____________, you will still have formants created due to the _________ of the ___________ by moving the articulators.
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activity
filter feature phonation whispering shaping cavities |
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In theory, the glottal source and the vocal tract filter are _____________ form each other. You can make __________ to sound while keeping your ______________ in the same place. You can also hold the same ______ and move your _____________ to create _________ sounds.
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independent
changes articulators pitch articulators different |
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There are some _______ in between the _________ _______ and the _______ _________ that cause them to behave in a very ____________ way.
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links
sounds source vocal tract coordinated |
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If you increase the loudness of your voice, the ____________ ________ is involved and even the __________ of the articulators change. Clinicians refer to this as ___ ______ _________.
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respiratory system
behavior one stop shopping |
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What can be considered the "global" treatment variable because it affects the whole treatment production mechanism?
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loudness
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With loud speech, you not only get a _________, _________ voice, you also get more _________ _____________.
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louder, stronger
precise articulation |
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By changing vocal __________, you can reap benefits in ______ __________. Articulation improvement is a __________ side effect. The ________ has influenced the ________ in this case.
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function
oral articulation positive source filter |
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What does STI stand for?
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spatial temporal index
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Working on the sound source can yield benefits in the ________ ______ _________ behavior because there can be ________ and _______________ linkage between them. They're controlled by the brain in such a way that the __________ of one is closely ___________ by the ___________ of the other.
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vocal tract filter
neural biochemical activity coordinated activity |
