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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Understanding normal cochlear function is __________ to understanding cochlear ___________. Conversely, _______________ cochlear function results in a misunderstanding of cochlear ___________ and thus a misunderstanding of _______________ hearing loss.
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essential
dysfunction misunderstanding dysfunction sensorineural |
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Give dates for the following evolutions of hearing:
Helmholtz George von Bekesy The Motor Theory of Hearing |
Pre 1940s
1940s-1970s 1978-? |
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Helmholtz's theory is that due to ___________ _____________ ____________ the cochlea performs ___________ ___________ of the incoming signal. The cochlea is somewhat _________ but because of the way the mechanical elements come together, and their ____________ characteristics, it caused the cochlea to perform _________/_________/________ analysis of the signals to distinguish different incoming sounds.
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mechanical resonant elements
spectral analysis passive resonance tuning/spatial/spectral |
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The traveling wave theory was developed by whom and using what?
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George von Bekesy
cadavers and models |
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Bekesy believed what three things about the inner ear/cochlea?
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1. Linear (input=output)
2. Passive 3. Broadly Tuned |
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In the late 1940s, Thomas Gold (English physicist) was puzzled about what 3 attributes of the hearing mechanism?
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1. High sensitivity
2. Sharp Frequency Tuning 3. Wide dynamic range of hearing |
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From his observations, Gold concluded that the cochlea must possess a _________ (narrowly) tuned ____________ _________ __________. Therefore, Gold suggested that there must be a positive inner ear __________ __________. (Not passive as was previously thought.)
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sharply
mechanical response system feedback element |
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Gold's conclusions resulted in what 4 theoretical suggestions?
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1. active elements
2. narrow frequency response 3. non-linearity 4. positive feedback system would be unstable and produce spontaneous emissions (detectable movement which can be translated into sound) |
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What are the sounds that the ear creates that we can detect?
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otoacousticemissions (OAEs)
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Who published the paper entitled "Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions" and when? What did it do?
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David Kemp (English physicist) in 1978
Ushered in the motor theory of hearing |
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What shows that the cochlea is active rather than passive?
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The plates in the wall of the outer hair cell sliding back and forth
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___________ and __________ activity of the ear changes through varying degrees from a ___________ cochlea to a _________ __________ one.
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mechanical
electrical normal severely impaired |
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A normal ear has very ________ ___________. The ear can respond to an _________-________ stimulus - confined with a _________ zone along the BM. A damaged ear has a ___________-_________ gain curve.
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sharp tuning
ultra-weak narrow flattened-rounded |
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Some medications are _____ specific and only damage this area. The result is what?
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OHC
moderate hearing loss frequency selectivity is markedly reduced otoaccoustic emissions are absent (shows the importance of the OHCs) |
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In the motor (new) theory of hearing, research shows that OHCs are able to act as ________ cells as well as _________ cells.
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motor
sensory |
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Vibrations cause OHCs to move ____________ and react ___________ by contracting or stretching in response to those same vibrations. This __________ plus _______ action is unique among cells in the body.
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passively
actively sensory motor |
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The exact __________ ___________ __________ reaction of OHCs is currently being defined.
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mechanical chemical electrical
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With contractile action in the OHCs, _______ vibrations stimulate OHCs which in turn ________ vibrations (because they are motile and can move). The vibration of the OHC ___________ the IHCs.
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weak
amplify stimulate |
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Sound process:
Sound comes in through the _____ ______. Sound strikes __________ ___________. Sound goes through the ________. The stapes presses on the ______ ________ of the cochlea. The vibrations press down on the _________ __________ to stimulate OHCs. The OHC sends mechanical vibrations back into the _________ _________. Those vibrations from the OHCs stimulate the ______. |
ear canal
tympanic membrane ossicles oval window tectorial membrane tectorial membrane IHCs |
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Most of the fibers going from the ear to the brain are from the ____.
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IHCs
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