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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are distinctive features?
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unique characteristics that distinguish one phoneme from another
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How are consonants produced?
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partial or complete constriction of the articulators
categorized by place, manner, voicing |
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What are the categories of manner of articulation?
FLAGS N |
fricatives
liquids affricates glides stops nasals |
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What's another term for permanent hearing loss?
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sensorineural hearing loss
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What's another term for fluctuating hearing loss?
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conductive hearing loss
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What are possible physical factors for articulation disorders?
CHEST HRG |
cleft lip/palate
hearing loss enlarged tongue short lingual frenum teeth high vaulted palate respiration gender |
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What is the definition of assessment?
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The process that is followed and the procedures that are used to establish the presence or absence of a disorder.
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The outcome of an assessment is
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a diagnosis
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What are the steps of the diagnostic process? (6)
ASAIDR |
1. Conduct an assessment
2. Score the tests and compile data 3. Analyze tests 4. Interpret the results 5. Decide if there is a disorder 6. Make recommendations after diagnosis |
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Principles of assessment (5)
part one |
1. Review client's background
2. Plan the diagnostic session 3. Select appropriate tests 4. Prepare the test room 5. Conduct an opening interview and explanation of the session |
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Principles of assessment (5)
part 2 AACMW |
1. Administer tests
2. Assess related areas 3. Conduct a closing interview 4. Make recommendations 5. Write a diagnostic report |
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What related areas are important to cover in conjunction with a test?
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1. disorder's effect on language
2. oral peripheral exam for physical problems 3. hearing eval |
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Screening is used to....
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1. assess large numbers of people
2. know who needs further testing 3. build rapport with school district 4. generate business and dollars |
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Advantages of formal testing (5)
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1. most materials are provided
2. normed 3. protocol & criteria are provided 4. quick 5. simple to administer |
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What are disadvantages of formal testing?
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sometimes too inflexible
may not be appropriate for certain populations |
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Advantages of informal testing (3)
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1. set own criteria and norms
2. tailor to meet specific needs 3. use natural materials |
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Disadvantages of informal testing (3)
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1. lack of consistency
2. takes more experience to screen well 3. you generate your own materials |
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The Communication Screen is
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a formal screening test
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The Utah Test of Language Development is what kind of test
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articulation screening
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Name other formal articulation screening tests (6)
DFPQTT |
1. Denver Articulation Screening Test
2. Fluharty Preschool Speech/Language Screening Test 3. Predictive Screening Test of Articulation 4. Quick Screen of Phonology 5. Templin-Darley Screening Test 6. Test of Minimal Articulation Competence |
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How can you informally test a preschool child?
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1. imagining
2. narratives 3. play activities 4. story telling |
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What are two formal screening tests for school age children?
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1. Joliet 3 min Speech/Language Screen
2. Computerized Screening Tests |
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How do you informally screen lower elementary aged children?
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1. establish rapport
2. use braver kids to demonstrate 3. name pictures 4. repeat sentences or talk about pictures 5. conversation 6. use open ended not yes/no questions |
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How do you informally screen upper elementary aged children?
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1. conversation
2. read from books |
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How do you informally screen middle and high school kids?
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1. communication survey
2. conversation 3. reading |
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How do you formally screen a geriatric person?
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1. diadochokinetic rates
2. motor speech test |
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How do you informally screen a geriatric person?
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1. conversation articulation
2. language skills 3. memory accuracy |
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What are you listening for when doing diadochokinetic testing?
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rates and rhythm
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What are three approaches to articulation therapy?
BLT |
behavioral
Linguistic-based traditional |
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What are nine traditional articulation therapy methods?
DGI MNP SSS |
Discrimination
Group Integral stimulation Moto-Kinesthetic Nonsense Phonetic Placement Sensory-Motor Servotheory Stimulus |
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What are features of Phonetic Placement?
(pre 1939) |
Before 1939
Difficult to transfer skills to conversation Drill activities Emphasized positioning of articulators and correct use of breath stream Useful for hard of hearing/deaf population |
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What makes Phonetic Placement effective?
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the therapist actually manipulates the client's articulators to achieve correct sounds
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What method is good to stimulate velar sounds?
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Moto-Kinesthetic due to the client lying on his or her back
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What are aspects of the Moto-Kinesthetic approach?
(1938) |
Client lies down to relax
Client receives tactile, kinesthetic, auditory, and visual feedback Each sound is taught as part of a stimulus syllable, word, phrase, or sentence One on One approach Used today with neurogenic impairment (CP) |
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What are aspects of the Group Method? (1951)
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Emphasized client as a whole person with many behaviors
Focus is speech for communication Goals include socialization Learning process moves from whole to parts and back to whole Warm accepting atmosphere |
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What are aspects of Integral Stimulation?
(1954) |
Begins with production rather than auditory discrimination
Involves use of many sources of feedback, mainly auditory and visual Stress is put on the first successfully produced target sounds |
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What are aspects of the Servotheory Approach?
(1959) |
Client discriminates the error sound and target
First Stage-client learns to discriminate correct and incorrect sounds in context Second Stage-client produces sound in different words until correct Next-clinician directly instructs to achieve mastery |
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What are aspects of the Sensory-Motor approach?
(1964) |
Functional unit of speech is the syllable
Has had a profound influence on artic disorder management Systematic program utilizing coarticulatory effects in context |
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What are coarticulatory effects?
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phonemes right next to each other can effect sound production
e.g. when /r/ is a target sound do not use a word with /o/ after /r/ (row) |
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What are aspects of the Discrimination approach? (1963-1975)
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Clinician uses common items or toys to elicit correct production
Correct artic is naturally awarded Key to treatment is discrimination When child can discriminate between error and target in sentences, production begins |
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What are aspects of the Nonsense approach?
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Goal is to use learned target sounds in conversational speech
After client has mastered deliberate production of target sound, client is trained to use target in nonsense materials After nonsense words can be produced in sentences, real words are introduced Should only be used with school-aged children since they have the intellect to make up words |
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Who is the "father" of articulation therapy?
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Charles Van Riper
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What are aspects of the Stimulus Approach?
(1939) |
Charles Van Riper developed it
Focuses on the single misarticulated target sound Provides core for traditional therapy Presented general set of guidelines for therapy Begins with extensive ear training |
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What are the five steps in the Van Riper approach?
IMPORTANT!! text pages 398-407 |
1. Sensory-perceptual training (ear training)
2. Production training (sound establishment) 3. Production training (sound stabilization) 4. Transfer and carry-over 5. Maintenance |
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What is the therapy progression for production training in the Stimulus (Van Riper) Approach?
IMPORTANT! |
Isolation
Syllables Words Phrases Sentences Conversation |
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The Behavioral Approach is based on research from
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Watson, Skinner, Thorndike and Hull
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What are the steps taken in Behavioral Approach therapy?
SSAC |
Select a baseline for the client
Select a target behavior Antecedent events (cues & prompts) Consequent events (reinforcement) |
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How do you schedule reinforcement in Behavioral Therapy?
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fixed ratio for new tasks
variable ratio later in therapy |
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What are the two principles of Linguistic-based approaches?
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child needs to learn adult speech rules by working on groups of sounds
ultimate goal is improved communication so training is at the word level |
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What are the two major groups of Linguistic-based approaches?
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Distinctive Feature approach
Phonological Process approach |
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What are aspects of the Distinctive Feature approach?
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focus is on distinctive feature classes that might be missing in client's speech
emphasis is placed on phonological contrasts |
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What are the disadvantages of the Distinctive Feature approach?
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too time consuming to do the analysis
questionable articulatory validity of some feature systems |
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The Phonological Process approach is based on what assumptions?
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treatment is more efficient when working on processes rather than one sound at a time
assumes child's problem is rule learning child's problem is phonemic rather than phonetic so therapy is word based |
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What are the three principles of remediation in the Phonological Process approach?
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select processes that interfere most with intelligibility
select less stable or ingrained processes select processes that are most common in young children |
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What are the three classes of molar occlusions?
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Class I - Neutrocclusion
dental arches are normal, which means bottom premolar is slightly ahead of the top Class II - Distocclusion mandible is too far back compared to maxilla (buck teeth) Class III - Mesiocclusion mandible is too far forward compared to maxilla |
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What structures are examined in an oral peri exam? (6)
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face
lips teeth tongue hard palate soft palate |
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How many deciduous teeth do children have?
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20 (10 top and bottom)
4 incisors (2 central and 2 lateral) 2 canines (cuspids) 4 molars |
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How many teeth do adults have?
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32 (16 top and bottom)
4 incisors 2 canines 4 premolars 6 molars |
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What are the seven places of articulation?
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bilabial
labiodental interdental alveolar palatal velar glottal |
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What are the stops? (6)
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p b t d k g
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What are the fricatives? (9)
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f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h
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What are the affricates? (2)
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ʧ ʤ
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What are the nasals? (3)
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m n ŋ
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What are the glides? (2)
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w j
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What are the liquids? (2)
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l r
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What are the substitution processes? (7)
BDDLSVV |
Backing
Deaffrication Depalatalization Liquid gliding Stopping Velar fronting Vocalization |
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What is stopping?
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A phonological process in which a stop replaces a fricative or affricate
pat for fat take for shake |
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What is deaffrication?
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A phonological process in which an affricate is replaced with a stop or fricative
dim for gym tear for chair |
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What is velar fronting?
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A phonological process in which velar sounds are replaced by more anterior sounds
top for cop tup for cup dis for kiss |
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What is depalatalization?
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A phonological process in which a palatal fricative is replaced by an alveolar fricative
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What is backing?
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A phonological process in which anterior sounds are replaced by posterior sounds
cop for top hope for soap bike for bite |
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What is liquid gliding?
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A phonological process in which the sounds /r/ and /l/ are replaced by /w/ and /j/
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What is vocalization?
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A phonological process in which a vowel replaces a syllabic liquid
simpo for simple cracka for cracker papo for paper |
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What are the bilabial consonants? (4)
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p b m w
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What are the labiodental consonants? (2)
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f v
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What are the interdental consonants? (2)
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θ ð
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What are the alveolar consonants? (6)
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t d s z n l
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What are the palatal consonants? (6)
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ʃ ʒ ʧ ʤ j r
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What are the velar consonants? (4)
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k g ŋ w
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What is the glottal consonant?
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h
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What are two ways to elicit a language sample from a preschooler?
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record child while playing with toys
child retells a story |
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What are two ways to elicit a language sample from school-aged children?
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child talks about hobbies or interest
child explains action pictures |
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What are two ways to elicit a language sample from adults?
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conversation about hobbies, occupation
reading popular magazines |
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What does CPAC stand for?
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Clinical Probes of Artic Consistency
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What are CPAC probes used for?
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stimulability testing
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When would you use a CPAC probe?
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after phoneme errors are discovered during an articulation test
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What do CPAC probes determine?
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which sounds to treat
which level to begin treatment at (sound, syllable, word, sentence) provides a good baseline measurement |
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What are eight of the sixteen distinctive features?
(A-La) ABCC CHIL |
anterior
back consonantal continuant coronal high interrupted lateral |
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What are eight of the sixteen distinctive features?
(Lo-V) |
low
nasal round sonorant strident tense vocalic voice |
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What are types of simplification processes?
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Assimilation
Omission Syllable reduction Vowel reduction |
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The Goldman Fristoe determines what?
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how well each consonant is produced in the initial, medial, and final word positions
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Weiss Intelligibility test determines what?
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intelligibility of isolated words and contextual speech
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What is the purpose of the Communication Screen?
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screens speech and language skills of preschool children
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Name four simplification processes
VASO |
Vowel Reduction
Assimilation Syllable Reduction Omission |
