Comd 3120 Chapter 1

Front 1

Abducted

Back 1

Open, drawn apart; as in abducted vocal folds.

Front 2

Accessory Nerve XI

Back 2

Classified as a cranial nerve, it is both a cranial and a spinal nerve that supplies the muscles of the pharynx, soft palate, head, and shoulders.

Front 3

Acoustic Reflex

Back 3

Reflexive contraction of the tensor tympani and the stapedius muscles triggered by loud sounds and noises.

Front 4

Adam's Apple

Back 4

The lay term for the thyroid notch in the larynx.

Front 5

Adducted

Back 5

Closed or nearly closed, as in adducted vocal folds.

Front 6

Afferent

Back 6

The flow of information toward the cell body.

Front 7

Alveolar Process

Back 7

The outer edges of the maxiallry bone (upper jaw) that house the molar, bicuspid, and cuspid teeth.

Front 8

Alveolar Ridge

Back 8

A ridge on the maxilla that overlies the roots of the teeth, most often located behind the upper anterior teeth. In most people it serves as the point of articulation for English sounds /s/, /z/, /t/, /d/, /n/, /l/.

Front 9

Articulation

Back 9

In speech, movement of the speech mechanism to produce the sound of speech. One of the four basic processes involved in speech production.

Front 10

Articulators

Back 10

Organs of the speech production mechanism; help produce meaningful sound by interrupting the flow of exhaled air or by narrowing the space for its passage. The articulators include the lips, tongue, velum, jaw, hard palate, alveolar ridge, and teeth.

Front 11

Arytenoid Cartilages

Back 11

Two small, pyramid-shaped cartilages capable of various kinds of movements; the vocal folds move accordingly because of their attachment to the arytenoids.

Front 12

Association Fibers

Back 12

Neural fibers that connect different parts of the brain within the two hemispheres.

Front 13

Basal Ganglia

Back 13

Structures deep within the brain taht help integrate motor impulses.

Front 14

Basilar Membrane

Back 14

The floor of the cochlea, containing the organ of Corti and its several thousand hair cells that respond to sound.

Front 15

Bernoulli Effect

Back 15

Increased velocity and decreased pressure when gasses or liquids move through a constricted passage.

Front 16

Broca's Area

Back 16

A center for motor speech control within the frontal lobe of the language-dominant hemisphere in the brain.

Front 17

Brnochi

Back 17

Primary divisions of the trachea that penetrate the lungs, one for the right lung and the other for the left lung; they serve to transport air to and from the lungs.

Front 18

Cartilage

Back 18

Tough connective tissues, as in the thyroid cartilage.

Front 19

Central Nervous System

Back 19

The brain and the spinal cord.

Front 20

Cerebellum

Back 20

A structure below the brain and behind the brain stem that regulates equilibrium, body posture, and coordinated fine motor movements.

Front 21

Cerebral Hemispheres

Back 21

The two halves of the brain divided by the longitudinal or intrahemispheric fissure.

Front 22

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Back 22

A clear fluid that surrounds and cushions the cerebrum.

Front 23

Cerebrum

Back 23

The biggest of the central nervous system structures and the most important for speech, language, and hearing.

Front 24

Cochlea

Back 24

The main inner ear structure of hearing; it looks like the shell of a snail and is filled with a fluid called endolymph.

Front 25

Commissural Fibers

Back 25

The fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain.

Front 26

Connectionist Model

Back 26

A computer simulation model of speech production that posits that speech production is facilitated by parallel processing of information and commands by a closely knit and interconnected network.

Front 27

Cranial Nerves

Back 27

Nerves that emerge out of holes (foramina) in the base of the skull; they play a major role in speech production.

Front 28

Cricoarytenoid Joint

Back 28

A joint that connects the arytenoids to the cricoid cartilage and permits circular and sliding movements.

Front 29

Cricothyroid Muscle

Back 29

A muscle that lengthens and tenses the vocal folds.

Front 30

Cricoid Cartilage

Back 30

A cartilage of the larynx and also the top ring of the trachea.

Front 31

Diaphragm

Back 31

A thick dome-shaped muscle that separates the stomach from the thorax; important for respiration.

Front 32

Efferent Nerves

Back 32

Nerves that conduct impulses from the central nervous system to the peripheral organs.

Front 33

Endolymph

Back 33

A kind of fluid that fills the cochlea.

Front 34

External Auditory Meatus

Back 34

Also known as the ear canal, it is a muscular tube that resonates the sound that enters it.

Front 35

Extrapyramidal System

Back 35

A neural pathway that carries motor impulses from the brain to various muscles via several relay stations (hence also known as the indirect system).

Front 36

Extrinsic Muscles of the Larynx

Back 36

Laryngeal muscles with at least one attachment to structures other than the larynx.

Front 37

Facial Nerve VII

Back 37

A cranial nerve that controls a variety of facial expressions and movements.

Front 38

Fissures

Back 38

Relatively deep valleys of the brain that form boundaries of broad divisions in the cerebrum.

Front 39

Foramina

Back 39

An opening or hole.

Front 40

Frontal Lobe

Back 40

The largest of the four lobes of the cerebrum, containing the primary motor cortex and Broca's area which is especially important for speech production.

Front 41

Glassopharyngeal Nerve IX

Back 41

A cranial nerve that supplies the tongue and pharynx.

Front 42

Glottis

Back 42

An opening that results when the vocal folds are abducted.

Front 43

Gyrus

Back 43

A ridge on the cortex; the cortex has many of them.

Front 44

Cilia/Hair Cells

Back 44

Hairlike structures found on the organ of Corti; they respond to sound vibrations.

Front 45

Hard Palate

Back 45

The roof of the mouth and the floor of the nasal cavity. The point of constriction for several sounds.

Front 46

Hyoid Bone

Back 46

A U-shaped bone that floats under the jaw; the muscles of the tongue and various muscles of the skull, larynx, and jaw are attached to this bone.

Front 47

Hyperkinesia

Back 47

Increased (exaggerated or too much) body movement.

Front 48

Hypoglossal Nerve XII

Back 48

A cranial nerve that innervates the tongue.

Front 49

Hypokinesia

Back 49

Reduced (diminished or too little) range and force of muscle movements.

Front 50

Incus

Back 50

The second and middle bone of the ossicular chain in the middle ear.

Front 51

Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx

Back 51

Muscles that begin and end within the larynx and include the thyroarytenoid, the cricothyroid, the posterior cricoarytenoid, the lateral cricoarytenoid, and the interarytenoid muscles.

Front 52

Larynx

Back 52

A tubelike structure in the neck that includes various muscles along with the vocal folds, cartilages, and membranes.

Front 53

Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle

Back 53

A paired muscle that brings the vocal folds together (an adductor).

Front 54

Levator Levi Palatini

Back 54

A paired muscle that elevates the soft palate.

Front 55

Longitudinal Fissure

Back 55

A fissure that divides the cerebrum into the left and right hemispheres.

Front 56

Lower Motor Neuron Damage

Back 56

Neurological damage to the nerve fibers that descend from the central nervous system and exit the neuraxis (brain and spinal cord) to communicate with the cranial and spinal nerves.

Front 57

Malleus

Back 57

The first bone of the ossicular chain located in the middle ear and attached to the tympanic membrane.

Front 58

Mandible

Back 58

The lower jaw, which forms the floor of the mouth and houses the lower set of teeth.

Front 59

Maxillae

Back 59

A pair of large facial bones that form a major portion of the hard palate and the upper jaw.

Front 60

Medulla

Back 60

The uppermost portion of the spinal cord, which enters the cranial cavity; it controls breathing and other vital functions of the body.

Front 61

Midbrain

Back 61

Also known as the mesencephalon, it is a narrow structure that lies above the pons and links the higher centers of the brain with the lower centers.

Front 62

Mixed Nerves

Back 62

Nerve fibers that carry sensory as well as motor impulses.

Front 63

Motor Control Model

Back 63

A theory of speech production based on the neural control of speech muscles.

Front 64

Nasopharynx

Back 64

The section of the pharynx that lies just behind the nasal cavities.

Front 65

Neurotransmitter

Back 65

A chemical substance that activates the receptive sites of nerve cells and helps generate the electrical nerve impulses necessary for stimulation of the nerve cell body.

Front 66

Nucleus

Back 66

The controlling center of the neuron.

Front 67

Neuron

Back 67

A single nerve cell.

Front 68

Organ of Corti

Back 68

The inner ear's structure of hearing; it contains the hair cells that respond to sound.

Front 69

Orbicularis Oris

Back 69

The muscle that makes up the lips.

Front 70

Ossicular Chain

Back 70

A set of three tiny bones (the malleus, incus, and stapes) found in the middle ear - it conducts sound to the ear.

Front 71

Oval Window

Back 71

An opening to, and a part of, the inner ear.

Front 72

Paltine Bone

Back 72

A part of the hard palate.

Front 73

Palatine Process

Back 73

The central, platelike portion of the maxillary bones, embryonically identified as the secondary palate, it forms the major portion of the roof of the mouth and the hard palate.

Front 74

Palatoglossus

Back 74

A muscle that lowers the soft palate and elevates the dorsum of the tongue.

Front 75

Palatopharyngeus

Back 75

A muscle that lowers the soft palate and moves the pharyngeal walls inward.

Front 76

Parietal Lobe

Back 76

One of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex; it lies behind the frontal lobe and integrates such body sensations as pain, touch, and temperature.

Front 77

Parkinson's Disease

Back 77

A degenerative disease of the nervous system whose symptoms include rgidity of posture, hand tremors, and speech disorders (hypokinetic dysarthia).

Front 78

Perilymph

Back 78

The fluid that fills the canals that lie within the inner ear.

Front 79

Pharynx

Back 79

The throat.

Front 80

Pons

Back 80

The structure that bridges the two halves of the cerebellum.

Front 81

Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle

Back 81

A muscle that pulls the vocal folds apart (an abductor).

Front 82

Primary Auditory Cortex

Back 82

An area within the temporal lobe concerned with hearing.

Front 83

Primary Motor Cortex

Back 83

An area within the frontal lobe that controls voluntary movement.

Front 84

Projection Fibers

Back 84

Neural pathways to and from the brain stem and spinal cord on the one hand and the sensory and motor areas of the cortex on the other hand.

Front 85

Pyramidal System

Back 85

A bundle of nerve fibers that originate in the motor cortex and travel to the brain stem; it is the primary pathway of impulses for voluntary movement (also called the direct system).

Front 86

Rib Cage

Back 86

Also known as the thoracic cage; a cylinder-like structure of 12 ribs that houses vital organs including the heart and the lungs.

Front 87

Semicircular Canals

Back 87

Structures of the inner ear responsible for maintaining balance (equilibrium).

Front 88

Soft Palate

Back 88

A flexible muscular structure at the juncture of the oropharynx and the nasopharynx; also known as the velum, it may be lowered to open the velopharyngeal port or raised to close it.

Front 89

Spasticity

Back 89

Increased tone or rigidity of muscles.

Front 90

Stapedius Muscle

Back 90

A small muscle attached to the stapes in the middle ear; in response to loud sounds, it normally contracts to stiffen the ossicular chain.

Front 91

Stapes

Back 91

One of the three bones of the ossicular chain in the middle ear.

Front 92

Sulci

Back 92

A shallow valley on the surface of the brain; the brain has many.

Front 93

Supplementary Motor Cortex

Back 93

An area of the frontal lobe that is thought to be involved in the motor planning of meaningful speech.

Front 94

Synapse

Back 94

The juncture at which the neurons communicate with each other.

Front 95

Synaptic Cleft

Back 95

The tiny gap (space) between neurons.

Front 96

Temporal Lobe

Back 96

One of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex; it contains the primary auditory cortex and Wernicke's area.

Front 97

Tensor Veli Palatini

Back 97

A pair of muscles that stretch the soft palate.

Front 98

Tensor Tympani

Back 98

A muscle in the middle ear that tenses the eardrum.

Front 99

Thalamus

Back 99

A part of the diencephalon that lies above the brain stem - it integrates sensory information and relays it to various parts of the cerebral cortex.

Front 100

Trachea

Back 100

A tube formed by a ring of cartilages leading to the lungs.

Front 101

Trigeminal Nerve V

Back 101

A cranial nerve that supplies many structures of the face; controls jaw and tongue movements.

Front 102

Tympanic Membrane

Back 102

The thin, semitransparent, cone-shaped eardrum, which is highly sensitive to sound.

Front 103

Vagus Nerve X

Back 103

A cranial nerve that supplies many organs, including the larynx, the pharynx, the base of the tongue, and the external ear.

Front 104

Velopharyngeal Port

Back 104

The structure that connects the oral and nasal passages; it may be closed or opened by various muscle actions.

Front 105

Velum

Back 105

The soft palate; formed by muscles that help raise or lower it.

Front 106

Ventricles

Back 106

The small spaces in the skull that are filled with cerbrovascular spinal fluid.

Front 107

Vestibular Acoustic Nerve VIII

Back 107

The vestibular branch of this cranial nerve, which is concerned with balance, body position, and movement.

Front 108

Vocal Folds

Back 108

A pair of thin muscles in the larynx whose vibrations are the source of voice.

Front 109

Vocal Tract Model

Back 109

A theory of voice and speech that is mainly concerned with the shaping of the pharyngeal, oral, and nasal cavities in voice and speech production.

Front 110

Vocalis Muscle

Back 110

The vibrating parts of the vocal folds; also known as the thyroarytenoid muscles.