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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is language?
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Nelson: Language is the "socially shared code that uses a conventional system of arbitrary symbols to represent ideas about the world and are meaningful to others who know the same code".
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What are the 3 domains of language?
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Content (meaning)
Form (how words and sounds are organized) Use (draw upon function to meed personal and social needs) |
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What are the characteristics of language?
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Socially shared
Code that uses a system of arbitrary symbols Language code is conventional Representational tool |
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What is a morpheme?
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The smallest unit of language that carries meaning (dog)
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What is a referent?
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The aspect of the world to which a word refers
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Modularity
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A cognition science theory about how the human mind is organized within the brain structures. It contends that the brain contains a set of highly specific modules developed to process specific types of information.
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Speech
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Neuromuscular process by which we turn language into a sound signal that is transmitted through the air to a reciever.
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Hearing
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sensory system that allows speech to enter into and be processed by the human brain.
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Communication
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The process of sharing information among individuals.
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Speech is precise activation of muscles in 4 systems
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Respiration
Phonation Resonation Articulation |
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Model of speech production
3 stage process |
Preceptual event
Motor Schema Speech output/ongoing feedback |
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Preceptual event
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initiated with an abstract representation
representation provides a preceptual target of what is to be produced in speech code is represented at the phoneme level |
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Phoneme
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The smallest unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning /m/ + /a/= "ma"
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Motor Schema
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Rough motor plan based on the preceptual target
organizes phonemes into syllable chunks |
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Speech output (production)
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Flow of air, vibration of vocal folds, and movements of the oral cavity carry out motor schema and create speech.
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Hearing is essential to both_______ and ____________ of spoken language.
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reception
comprehension |
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4 acustic events
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creation of sound source
vibration of air particles (frequency, intensity) reception by ear comprehension by brain |
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Co-articulation
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overlap of phonemes in the production of strings of speech sounds
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4 processes of communication
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formulation
transmission reception comprehension |
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Symbolic communication or referential communication
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arbitrary relationship between the entity and its referent. Eg. A 1 year old says bottle to request something to drink.
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Pre-intentional communication
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relationship between a communicative behavior and its referent is assumed by others eg. A baby crying. Could be for a number of reasons
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Intentional or Iconic communication
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transparent (not arbitrary) relationship between the message and its referent eg. A baby points to his bottle
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3 basic purposes of communication
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to request
to reject to comment |
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3 components of communication
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1. A sender formulates and transmits a message
2. A receiver receives and comprehends to message 3. A shared symbolic system |
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3 types of feedback
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1. Linguistic (speaking)
2. Nonlinguistic (eye contact etc.) 3. Paralinguistic (use of pitch, loudness, pausing) |
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Lexicon
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Vocabulary System
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Contextualized
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Language that focuses on the immediate context (present)
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Decontextualized
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Language with little reliance on the context for conveying content (events that are removed from the present)
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5 components of Content, Form and Use
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Semantics (Content)
Syntax (Form) Morphology (Form) Phonology (Form) Pragmatics (Use) |
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What are some remarkable features of language?
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Rate of acquisition
Universiality Species specific Semanticity Productivity Engine of thought |
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Critical period
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first 5-7 years
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What are some factors that influence language acquisition?
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Language learned
Gender Temperament Language learning environment Genetic predisposition Developmental disability Injury or illness |
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What 3 question need to be included in an adequate language theory?
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1. What do infants bring to the task of language learning?
2. What mechanisms drive language acquisition? 3. What types of input drive the language learning system? |
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B. F. Skinner
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Nurture-Behaviorist Theory
All learning is the result of operant conditioning. (consequences of behavior shape subsequent behavior) |
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Discrete trial training (DTT)
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A series of distinct trials that the adult repeats until the child masters the skill.
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Lev Vygotsky
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Nurture Inspired-Social interactionist Theory
Importance of social interaction in a child's language development ZPD |
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Jean Piaget
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Nurture-Cognitive theory
Genetic epistemology (study of the development of knowledge) series of stages achievements in one stage must occur prior to moving to the next stage (cognition hypothesis) |
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Nurture inspired theories
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Behaviorist theory (Skinner)
Social interactionist theory (Vygotsky) Cognitive theory (Piaget) Intentionality model (Bloom) Competition model (MacWhinney) Usage-based theory (Tomasello) |
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Nature inspired theories
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Modularity theory (Fodor)
Universal grammar (Chomsky) Synthetic bootstrapping (Gleitman) Connectionists theories (Rumelhart & McClelleand) |
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Behaviorist theory
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Nurture-Skinner
Operant conditioning Reinforcement |
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Social interactionist theory
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Nurture-Vygotsky
Social plane-psychological plane ZPD Language and cognition are intertwined processes that seperate at age 2 |
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Cognitive theory
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Nurture-Piaget
Cognitive hypothesis (cognition precedes language) Egocentric speech |
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Intentionality model
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Nurture-Bloom
the tension between wanting to communicate intentions and the effort required deives language development |
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Competition model
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Nurture-MacWhinney
Reliable input strenghthens representation |
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Usage-based theory
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Nurture-Tomasello
Joint attention Intention reading Children attend to others intentions and imitate |
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Modularity theory
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Nature-Fodor
Localization-language is organized in highly specific modules Encapsulization-language modules perform specific functions and also interact |
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Universal Grammar
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Nature-Chomsky
Language acquisition device-born with general rules and categories common to all languages Parameters-Use input to discover the parameters |
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Syntactic bootstrapping
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Nature-Gleitman
Children use their knowledge of syntax to make inferences about the meaning of new words |
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Semantic bootstrapping
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Nature-Pinker
Children use their knowledge of word meaning to make inferences about syntax |
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Connectionist theories
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Nature-Rumelhart & McClelland
Nodes and connections undergo transformation in response to input |
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2 ways to teach a second language
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audiolingual-rote responses
silent way-hypothesize about rules-apply them-discover errors |
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3 practices informed by theories
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Prevention
Intervention and remediation Enrichment |
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What is semantic development?
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an individual's learning and storage of the meaning of words
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What are the 3 major tasks of the language learner? (semantic)
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1. acquire mental lexicon of 60,000 words
2. acquire new words rapidly 3. organize the mental lexicon in an effecient semantic network |
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What is Nelson's semantic taxonomy?
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Specific
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Examples of specific nomials
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Dad, Annie, Rover
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Examples of general nomials
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truck, cat
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Examples of modifiers
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big, mine
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Examples of personal-social words
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yes, bye bye
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Fast mapping
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rate at which children learn new words
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What is morphological development?
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Internalization of the rules of language that govern the structure of words.
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Grammatical morpheme
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adds grammatical inflections to words
plural s possessive 's present progressive ing |
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Derivational morphemes
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change the syntactic class and semantic meaning
prefixes suffixes |
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Bound morphemes
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Must be attached to another morpheme
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Free morphemes
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Can stand alone-words with a clear semantic referent
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What is syntactic development?
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Internalization of the rules of language that govern how words are organized into sentences.
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What are the 3 major syntactic developments?
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increase in utterance length
increase in sentence variety development of a complex syntax |
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Mean length of utterance (MLU)
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provides a simple proxy for estimating syntactic complexity up to 5 years of age
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Clause
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a syntactic structure containing a verb or verb phrase
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Auxiliary Clarification Hypothesis (ACH)
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Children more readily attend to information at the beginning of an utterance
Exposure to high frequencies of yes-no questions promotes children's internalizationof auxiliary verbs |
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What is phonological development?
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acquiring the rules of language that govern the sound structure of syllables and words
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Phonemes
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individual speech sounds
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Phonological representation
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neurological imprint
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Allophone
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subtle variation of a phoneme
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phonotactics
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rules governing how sounds are organized in words eg. /g/ never follows an /s/
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7 purposes of communication
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instrumental-ask for something
regulatory-give directions and direct others interactional-interact in a social way personal-express a state of mind heuristic-find out information and inquire imaginative-tell stories and role play informative-describe an event or object |
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approaches scientists use to study three aspects of language development
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speech perception-head turn preference procedure-MRI
language production-normative studies-observational (natural or semistructured) or experimental (actively manipulate variables) language comprehension-visual fixation-pointing |
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spreading activation
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how an individual accesses specific entries in the semantic network
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the rapidity with which a child develops a more adult like understanding of a word is influenced by...
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concept represented by the word
phonological form of the word contextual conditions at initial exposure |
