Com 250 Exam 3- Radio

Front 1

Radio in 2009

Back 1

More radio stations in U.S. than combined TV stations, consumer magazines, & daily newspapers.

radio is a secondary media buy, but marketers find to be a useful part of their overall media strategy.

Front 2

Since 1970, the number of radio stations has about ______

Back 2

doubled

Front 3

Time spent listening to radio

Back 3

12- to 17-year olds decreased more than 20 percent since 1993.

More than 10 percent of teenage boys dont listen

If young people stop listening, the radio industry will find itself in the same position as the newspaper business—most of the audience will be dead in 25 years.

Front 4

terrestrial radio stations (AM and FM bands) face competition from

Back 4

downloads to MP3 players
direct broadcasting from satellites (DBS)
mobile broadband Internet devices
Internet streaming

Front 5

Of all major media, radio appears to be the_____ suited to an _____

Back 5

least- online transition
Hence, among new audio content platforms, Internet radio has been the slowest to take off—at least so far.

Front 6

Business Week recently reported that radio was the ______of publicly traded media companies during the past five years

Back 6

worst-performing sector

Front 7

2 european professors who helped toward broadcasting of radio

Back 7

James Clerk-Maxwell (theorized about electromagnetic radiation and detection)
Heinrich Hertz (detected “Maxwell’s waves”)

Front 8

Guglielmo Marconi

Back 8

built a working device for Morse code

Front 9

Reginald Fessenden

Back 9

(built a working device for voice and music)
From Purdue

Front 10

As the number of broadcasters increased.....

Back 10

the signals of radio stations caused massive interference and difficulty for those trying to listen.
Because those signals crossed state lines, Congress acted to regulate broadcasters nationwide.

Front 11

Radio Act of 1927 based on two principles:

Back 11

Licensed by federal govt
Scarcity
trusteeship

Front 12

Scarcity

Back 12

(the electromagnetic spectrum is a finite natural resource with physical limits; not all citizens can simultaneously broadcast at will)

Front 13

Trusteeship

Back 13

(those chosen to be broadcasters are public trustees of a natural resource and must operate stations in ways that benefit those of us who are listeners)

Front 14

Localism

Back 14

-trusteeship
-Stations are expected to be integral parts of their local communities.
-licensees are expected to be responsive to the needs of local residents within the range of their signals.
-“public interest, convenience, and necessity.”

Front 15

Updates to the Radio Act of 1927

Back 15

Communications Act of 1934 - FCC
Telecommunications Act of 1996

Front 16

Radio’s brief golden age

Back 16

1930-1945
began as networks achieved national coverage by 1930
ended when those networks shifted to television after World War II
-networks linked radio stations in diff cities by telephone lines to enable a single program to be heard nationwide in real time.

Front 17

1930-1945 90% of radio stations were affiliated with (4)

Back 17

NBC Red
NBC Blue (later ABC)
CBS
Mutual

Front 18

Television exerted a displacement effect on

Back 18

network radio programming
network radio audiences
dollars spent on the purchase of radio air time by national advertisers.

Front 19

Major changes in the radio industry between 1946-1989

Back 19

-music ‘n’ news
-content provided free by record companies
-shows hosted by popular local djs
-Music ‘n’ news was enthusiastically supported by local advertisers.

Front 20

Payola (pay for play)

Back 20

-scandal ended music ‘n’ news programming controlled by individual radio disc jockeys.
-The FCC required licensees to take responsibility for programs that aired on their stations.

Front 21

non duplication

Back 21

requirement that FM stations provide separate programming from co-licensed AM stations

Front 22

By the late 1970s ______ as the dominant method of terrestrial broadcasting.

Back 22

FM had replaced AM

Front 23

2009 Terrestrial radio:

Back 23

AM and FM analogue
HD digital transmission on AM and FM via IBOC (In Band On Channel) technology
The FCC has approved, but not mandated HD radio (better quality)

Front 24

2009 internet radio

Back 24

streaming from terrestrial stations
streaming from Internet-only program originators
podcasts
Satellite radio: Sirius and XM

Front 25

The merger of XM and Sirius

Back 25

announced in march 2007 and completed in july 2008

Front 26

XM-Sirius must look out for...but they offer...

Back 26

ipod docks in cars
internet radio
fm radio
terrestrial hd broadcasts
but offer good specialized content

Front 27

Sale of advertising time:

Back 27

local sponsors (78%)
national & regional sponsors (17%)
network sponsors (5%)
Small amounts from other sources

Front 28

Expenses at terrestrial radio stations

Back 28

40% general admin (management salaries, office supplies)
25% sales (salaries of sales staff)
20% programming (salaries of talent, music licensing fees)
15% news & technical (salaries of news & engineering staff, acquisition and maintenance of equipment)

Front 29

The radio audience

Back 29

Radio ranks 2nd (after TV) in amount of time Americans spend using mass comm
~70% of people age 12+ listen to radio each day.

Front 30

Affluent Americans spend more time ____

Back 30

listening to radio than watching TV.

Front 31

since the mid 1990s, overall time spent listening to radio has _____steadily across demographics, and especially among teens.

Back 31

decreased

Front 32

stations listened to

Back 32

Individuals listen to only two or three radio stations at any given period in their lives.
The “most preferred” station accounts for 65 to 70 percent of their listening time.

Front 33

“music generations”

Back 33

People 10 years apart in age

Front 34

Portable People Meter (PPM) ratings

Back 34

identify a radio station by detecting inaudible codes transmitted by stations equipped with the Arbitron PPM encoder
collect audio signatures of radio stations using other (competing) encoding systems
The PPM is used in New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Houston.

Front 35

Diaries vs. PPM

Back 35

Diaries measure what people say they listen to.
People meters measure actual listening.
are discrepancies

Front 36

ratings

Back 36

ratio of a given station’s estimated number of listeners at specified time (divided into quarter hours) to all people who reside in the station’s market (a specified listening area), whether listening or not.

Front 37

share

Back 37

ratio of that same listening estimate to the total number of people in the station’s market who are estimated to be listening to radio at that same specified time.

Front 38

why advertisers require share and ratings

Back 38

A given station can deliver a healthy share of the available audience even with a low rating.

Advertising comparisons among competing media vehicles require a metric with a common denominator (rating).

Front 39

Recent industry developments

Back 39

pocket-sized satellite radio players (XM-2-go) and digital media players with radio (Microsoft Zune)
talk formats from AM to FM
FCC authorization of low-power FM stations to “translate” the programming of certain struggling AM stations

Front 40

walmart is pushing to do what?

Back 40

sell HD radios at a low price to catch attention and popularize the form of radio

Front 41

Departments stores and radio

Back 41

1922- had own stations
opera, classical, and conservative
avoided offensive content
intertwined content with ad's for store
stopped making own station and started buying air time
aimed towards women

Front 42

Catherine Hughes

Back 42

head of radio one
first african american woman to head a publicly traded company

Front 43

radio station that uses User Generated Content

Back 43

KYCY now KYOU

Front 44

Bus Radio

Back 44

Allows students to listen to specialized radio for their age group on their way to school

Front 45

fairchild "deterritoralizing radio"

Back 45

no connection between radio and local
statist position-assures broadest # of peope benefit from medium
corporatist view- market is best determiner of public interest

Front 46

Why aren't teens listening to radio?

Back 46

ipod myspace cell phones, you tube ect
they target 18-49 year olds b/c ads