Com 200 Exam 2

Front 1

Study element

Back 1

A single unit about which information is collected

Front 2

Population

Back 2

The total set of possible subjects.

Front 3

Sample size

Back 3

the number of data sources that are selected

Front 4

Sample

Back 4

representative subset of subjects observed for the purpose of making inferences about the population

Front 5

Unit of Analysis

Back 5

Sampling units

Front 6

Inferential Statistics

Back 6

Inferring information about a population sample
Allow us to draw conclusions about populations based on sample data

Front 7

Sampling Frame

Back 7

A realistic version of your population
The ones you can identify and access

Front 8

Representativeness

Back 8

What the population of interest is
What the sampling procedure employed in recruiting subjects is.

Front 9

Obtaining a Representative sample

Back 9

Define population of interest
Use a sampling frame
Operational definition of the population that provides the basis for sampling

Front 10

Definition of Non-Probability Sampling

Back 10

Sample that is not generalizable to the population; not a random sample

Front 11

Convenience Sampling

Back 11

A group of people that is convenient to access

Front 12

Purposive Sampling

Back 12

Samples chosen for a particular purpose
Investigator relies on his or her judgment to select units that are representitive of population

Front 13

Snowball sampling

Back 13

This sampling method asks study participants to make referrals to other potential participants, who in turn make referrals to other participants

Front 14

Quota sampling

Back 14

sets quotas for key categories to identify how many members of the sample should be put into those categories.

Front 15

Simple random sampling

Back 15

a group of subjects are selected from a larger population, and each member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen at any point during the sampling

Front 16

Systematic sampling

Back 16

Involves the use of a list of members of the population
starts at randomly selected point and used a skip interval to select people in the study

Front 17

Stratified Random sampling

Back 17

A type of sampling that uses a technique in which different subcategories representing theories on which a study is based

Front 18

Cluster Sampling

Back 18

Clusters are identified that are representative of the entire population and then are sampled randomly within each cluster, letting each cluster represent the population.
County > City> Neighborhoods

Front 19

Statistical Power

Back 19

The probability that research will identify a statistical effect when it occurs.

Front 20

5 Steps in Selecting a Representative Survey Sample

Back 20

1. Define the population
2. Specify sampling elements
3. Secure adequate sampling frame
4. Select sampling method
5. Determine required sample size

Front 21

Causality Requires:

Back 21

1. Time order- A must precede B
2. Co-variation- Changes in A must accompany B
3. Non-spuriousness- There isn't anything else causing B

Front 22

Experiment Notation
R
X
O

Back 22

R=Random assignment
X= Stimulus
O= observation or measurement

Front 23

Random Assignment

Back 23

Subjects are randomly assigned to groups

Front 24

Random Selection

Back 24

Subjects are randomly selected from the population

Front 25

Internal Validity

Back 25

Confidence in the conclusions about the effects of an independent variable on a dependent variable

Front 26

External Validity

Back 26

Confidence in the generizability of research findings to and across populations and sets of interest

Front 27

Threats to internal validity

Back 27

History
Maturation
Testing
Instrumentation
Mortality
Hawthorne Effects

Front 28

History

Back 28

Events occur between the time the treatment level is assigned to the subjects and the time the DV is measured which might affect DV

Front 29

Maturation

Back 29

Change within subjects occurs somply as a function of the passage of time (going older, stronger, larger, more experienced)

Front 30

Testing

Back 30

Repeated testing of subjects may result in familiarity with the testing situation or acquisition of information that can affect the DV

Front 31

Instrumentation

Back 31

Changes in the calibration of a measuring instrument, shifts in the criteria used by observers and scores, or unequal intervals in different ranges of a measuring instrument can affect the measurement of the DV

Front 32

Mortality

Back 32

The loss of subjects in the various treatment conditions may alter the distribution of subject characteristics across treatment groups

Front 33

Compensatory rivalry

Back 33

Subjects in some treatment level receive desirable goods, social competition may motivate the subjects in the other group to attempt to reverse or reduce the anticipated effects of the desirable treatment levels

Front 34

Resentful Demoralization

Back 34

If subjects learn that the treatment level to which they have been assigned received less desirable goods or services, they may experience feelings of resentment and demoralization

Front 35

Quasi-Experiments

Back 35

Used when random assignment is not possible to due practical or ethical reasons

Front 36

One shot case study

Back 36

X --> O

Maturation
History
Mortality

Front 37

One Group Pretest-Posttest

Back 37

O1--> X --> O2

Maturation
History
Testing

Front 38

Non-Equivalent Group Design

Back 38

X --> O1
--> O2
Mortality
Maturation
Hawthorne Effects (both)

Front 39

Post Test Only Control Group Design

Back 39

R
X --> O1
--> O2

History
Maturation

Front 40

Pre-Test, Post Test, Control Group Design

Back 40

R
O1 --> X --> O2
O1 --> --> O2
Hawthorne effects

Front 41

Solomon Four-Group Design

Back 41

R
O1--> X -->O2
O1--> --> O2
X --> O2
-->O2
Controls for all of the commonly identified threats to internal vailidity

Front 42

Factorial Design

Back 42

Experiments with two or more independent variables.

Front 43

Factorial Notation

Back 43

Each number represents an independent variable. The value of each number represents the number of levels of the IV.
ex. 2 x 2= Two independent variables, each with two levels
3 x 3 = Two independent variables with three levels each.

Front 44

Main Effect

Back 44

Shows us differences between the levels of each independent variable.
ex. Aggression scores for men and women are parallel with men having more aggression.
Means are parallel

Front 45

Interaction

Back 45

Shows us whether there are differences between the different combinations of the two IVs.
ex. As men play more violent video games, aggression level increases.As women play more violent video games, aggression levels decrease.
Means meet.

Front 46

Content analysis

Back 46

A quantitative methodology that allows researchers to quantify content, including the content of participant responses or the context of media texts

Front 47

Inter-Rater reliability

Back 47

The extent to which coders agree what units belong in which category

Front 48

Intra-rater reliability

Back 48

The extent to which a single coder's assignments at time one agree with his assignment at time two.

Front 49

Participant Observation

Back 49

When a researcher is participating in the life of others, but is still observing as a naive outsider who doesn't understand exactly what's going on and needs to, ask, explore and try on the experience

Front 50

Complete Observer

Back 50

Researchers that have little to no interaction with the people being observed

Front 51

Observer-as-participant

Back 51

researcher interacts casually with participants, but still remains primarily an observer, and does not become a member of the group being studied.

Front 52

Peripheral-member researchers

Back 52

researchers who have some level of involvement with a group without core group involvement

Front 53

Active-member researchers

Back 53

Researchers that become involved with central activities but do not fully commit themselves to the group

Front 54

Complete Member Researcher

Back 54

Researcher who studies settings in which he is already members or with which he is already affiliated

Front 55

Descriptive Observation

Back 55

Everything is observed no matter how small and is usually done when a researcher is first in the field

Front 56

Focused observation

Back 56

Things that are irrelevant are ignored and not observed, and is usually done when a researcher has been in a field for awhile

Front 57

Selective observation

Back 57

researchers concentrate on certain activities based on additional analyses, interviews, coding, and so on, as their time in the field is winding down

Front 58

In-depth interviews

Back 58

Opportunities for participants to describe their worlds, in concert or negotiation with researchers.
Involves co-constructing a narrative with a participant, to understand his history and version of the story.

Front 59

Focus Group

Back 59

In-depth group discussion on a specific situation or topic of interest, made up of five to twelve participants and a moderator