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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some things that theories do that make them so useful?
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ORAGANIZE IDEAS
DESCRIBE PHENOMENON EXPLAIN COMMUNICATION PROCESSES AND HOW THEY WORK PREDICT WHATS GOING TO HAPPEN SOLVE PROBLEMS THEY ALSO HELP US FEEL IN CONTROL OF OUR ENVIRONMENT AND GUIDE OUR BEHAVIORAL CHOICES |
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How is communicatioon strategic?
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WE RCOGNIZE THAT SOMETIMES WE CONSTRUCT MESSAGES WITH PARTICULAR MOTIVATIONS/GOALS IN MIND
MAY HAVE MULTIPLE GOALS IN MIND AT VARIUOS LEVELS OF AWARENESS |
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Give some examples of how communication is strategic?
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MIGHT APPROACH A TEACHER TO ASK FOR EXTENSION ON A PAPER
APPROACH HOT GUY IN HOPES OF A DATE VARIOUS GOALS WANT TO STUDY WITH SOMEONE IN CLASS BUT YOU DON'T WANT TO SEEM DUMB AND YOU DON'T WANT TO MAKE THEM FEEL OBILGATED |
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How is communication consequential?
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MOST OF THE TIME IT HAS UNANTICIAPTED AFFECTS
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What is a temporal relationhip?
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CERTAIN CONCEPTS PRECEDE OTHERS IN TIME
COGNITION PRECEDES SPEECH IT'S NOT CAUSALITY, BUT TIME ORDER ONE THING HAPPENS AND THEN SOMETHING ELSE |
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What is a correlational relationship???
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TWO CONCEPTS CHANGE TOGETHER IN SIMILAR WAYS
IF ONE GOES UP, SO DOES THE OTHER THE MORE I EAT, THE MORE I WEIGH |
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How is communication consequential?
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MOST OF THE TIME OUR COMMUNICATION IS CONSEQUENTIAL
IS HAS AN UNACNTIICAPATED OR UNINTENDED AFFECTS |
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What are the three different types of consequential communication?
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PERCEPTUAL - INCLUDES ALL THE ASSUMPTIONS WE MAKE ABOUT PEOPLE'S COMPETANCE
EX. HEAR PERSON SPEAK A CERTAIN WAU, ASSUME THEY BELONG TO A CERTAIN SOCIAL CLASS BEHAVIORAL- OCCUR WHEN PEOPLE CHANGE THRIE BEHAVIOR WITHOUT ANY PARTICULAR EFFOTR FROM OTHERS TO INFLUENCE CHANGE EX. SEEK OUT CERTAIN PEOPLE BECAUSE YOU ENJOY THEIR COMPANY AND AVOID OTHERS RELATIONAL - CREATE INTERACTION PATTERNS AND EXPECTATIONS WITHIN PERSONAL, SOCIAL AND PROF. RELATIONSHIPS THIS OVER TIME RESULTS IN CULTRE- VALUERS, NORMS AND RITUALS |
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What is a temporal relationship?
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CERTAIN CONCEPTS PROCEDE OTHER IN TIME
EX. COGNITION PRECEDES SPEECH NOT CAUSALITY, IT IS TIME ORDER, ONE THING HAPPENS AND THEN SOMETHING ELSE |
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What is a correlational relationship?
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TWO CONCEPTS CHANGE TOGETHER IN SIILAR WAYS, IF ONE GOES UP, SO DOES THE OTHER
THE MORE I EAT, THE MORE I WEIGH SCIENTIFICALLY STUIDED, BUT ASSUMPTIONS CAN BE MADE |
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What is a cause/effect or if/then relationship?
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ONE CONCEPT CAUSES THE OTHER TO DO SOMETHING
MUST FIND EVIDENCE THAT ONE CONCEPT PRESEDES ANOTHER CONCEPT AND THAT THE CONCEPTS ARE RELATES AND THAT THE FIRST CONCEPT CAUSES OR MOTIVATES THE SECONDS CAN BE HARD TO OBSERVE, PEOPLE OFTEN CONTROL THEIR EMOTIONS SO YOU DON'T KNOW IF SOMEONE GETS UPSET WHEN THEY HEAR A NEGATIVE COMMENT |
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What is the inductive approach to theory bulding?
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TRY TO AVOUD LETTING PRE-EXISITING CONCEPTS DETERMINE WHAT THEY LOOK FOR
INSTEAD, THEY TRY TO OBSERVE WITHOUT AND DISCRIMINATION MIGHT OBSERVES HOW PEOPLE FROM OTHER CULTURES TALK OR HOW GOSSIP IN THE WORKPLACES MOVES ALONG COULD BE CONSIDERED BOTTOM-UP USING OBSERVATION TO GUIDE THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS |
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What is the deductive approach to theory bulding?
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BEGIN WITH PREFORMULATED EXPECTATIONS, OFTEN IN THE FORM OF HYPOTHESES, ABOUT HOW A PROCESS WORKS OR WHAT CONCEPTS ARE RELATED
THEN USE OBVSERVATIONS TO TEST THESE VALUES THEORISTS GOAL IS TO TEST AND CONFIRM THEIR ASSUMPTIONS RATHER THAN DISCOVER PATTERNS OR ASSOICIATIONS COULD BE CONSIDERED TOP-DOWN USING THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS TO GUIDES OBSERVATION |
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What are the criteria by which I kevaluate a theory?
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UTITLY, SCOPE, PARSIMONY, HEURISM, FALSIFIABILTY
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What is utilituy?
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USEFULNESS, THINK OF IN TERMS AS ITS CUMALITIVE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GOALS OVER TIME
THEORY HAS BEEN PROVEN USEFL OVER TIME FOR UNDERSTRANDING THE FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION |
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What is scope?
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THE BREADTH OF FOCUS OF A THEORY
REASONABLE ENOUGH TO UNDERSTAND NOT TOO BIG OR SMALL COULD BE A WIDE NET OR MORE FOCUSED |
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What is parsimony?
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SIMPLICITY, NO JARGON OR
MANNER IN WHICH THE THEORY IS WRITTEN PRESENTS COMPLEX OR ABSTRACT IDEAS IN THE SIMPLEST POSSIBLE MANNER |
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What is heurism?
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PROMOTES RESEARCH AND HOW THINGS RELATE, THE ABILITY OF A THEORY TO STIMULATE NEW WAYS OF THINKING
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What is falsifiability?
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IF A THEORY'S CLAIMS CAN BE PROVEN FALSE
IT HAS TO BE TESTABLE IF A THEORY'S CLAIM CAN BE PROVEN DALSE, THEN THEY CANNOTER BE PROVEN CORRECT EITHER |
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What does metatheory mean?
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THEORIES ABOUT THEORIES
NOT A SPECIFIC THEORY OR SPECIFIC EXPLANATION ABOUT SOME ASPECT OF COMMUNICATION, BUT A WAY OF TALKING ABOUT INDIVUDAL THEORIES |
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What is ontology talking about reality?
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IDEAS ABOUT THE NATURE OF REALITY
WHAT IS THE ANTURE OF OUR SOCIAL WORLS AND THE ERNTITIES THAT POPULATE IT ITS THE NATURE OF WHAT WE STUDY GIVES US A CERTAIN VISION OF THE WORLD |
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When talking about the reality view of ontolgoy, what are the researchers views?
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SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVE
REALIST OUR SOCIAL WORLD IS REAL, RELAITY EXISTS EXTERNALLY TO ALL OF US. THERE ARE TANGIBLE AND RELATIVLEY IMMUTABLE STRUCTURES NOMINALIST REALITY EXISTS INSIDE EACH OF US DIFFERENTLY NO REAL WORLD EXISSTS, JUST NAMES AND IDEAS WE CREATE SOMETHING IS TURE B/C WE NAMED TO TO BE TRUE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST INTER-SUBJECTIVE REALITY EXISTS, BUT WE'VE CREATED IT THROUGH WORDS FOR EXAMPLE. RACE WAS CREATED THOUSANDS OF YEARS AGO BUT IT HAS COME TO BBE VERY REAL IN MANY CULTURES |
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What is the idea of ontolgoy when reffering to people?
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IDEAS ABOUT THE NATURE OF PEOPLE
SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVE DETERMNIIST WE ARE STIUMULUS RESPONSE BEINGS, THERE ARE LAWS OF HUMAN NATURE LOOK FOR CAUSES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR HUMANISTIC SUBJECTIVE NOMINALIST VOLUNTARISTIC, WE HAVE A CHOUSE, BEHAVIOR IS VOLUNTARY, LOOK FOR REASONS WHY WE DID WHAT WE DID SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST FREE WITH SOME LIMITS WE ARE CONSTRAINED IN OUR ABILITY TO MAKE CHOICE DEPENDING ON WHEN AND WHERE WE WERE BORN |
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What is epistemology?
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KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE SOCIAL WORL AND THE STUDY OF KNOWLEDGE
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What are some of the views of epistemological researchers?
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SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVE
POSTIVISM WE CAN BE POSTIVE ABOUT OUR KNOWLEDGE HUMANISTIC SUBJECTIVISM WE CAN'T BE POSTIVE ABOUT OUR KNOWLDEGE BECAUSE WE USE WORDS WE CREATE REALITY AND NAMED THINGS LONG AGO, CRATED THEM WITH OUR OWN KNOWLEDGE DOESN'T GENERALIZE SOCIETY, IT FOCUSES |
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What is axiology?
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THE ROLE OF RESEARCHER VALUES
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What are some of the views of axioloigal researchers?
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SCIENTIFC OBJECTIVE
VALUE FREE SCIENTISTS ARE VERY OBJECTIVE, THEY USE NUMBERS AND THEY DON'T HAVE A BIAS, THOSE CONDUCTING RESEARCH SHOULD BE VALUE FRE HUMANISTIC SUBJECTIVE VALUES INCLUDED SOME HUMAN RESEARCHERS BELIEVE VALUES SHOULD GUIDE RESEARCH, FIMINIST RESEARCHERS FOR EX. SOCIAL CONSTRUTIONIST VALUES ARE MOSTLY REMOVED IMPOSSIBLE TO BE COMPLETELY VALUE FREE, THEY ACKONLWEDGE VALUES BUT SHOULD TRY AND LEAVE THEM AT THE DOOR |
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What is the scuientific/humanisitic/critical debates?
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AN ENTIRE NEW DIMNENSION OF SOCIAL CHNAGED WAS ADDED. CREATING A NEW PARADIGM WHICH IS THE CRITICAL THEORY
WHETHER ITS SCIENTIFIC OR HUMANISTIC DEPENDS ON ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT RALITY, MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE |
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What do critical theorist believe?
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SEEK TO RID THE WORLD OF OPPRESIVISMS, RACISM AND SEXISM
WHOLE RANGE OF THEORIES THAT ADDRESS SOCIAL POWER AND POWER INEQUALITIES IN SOCIETY BY LOOKING AT ORGANIZATIONS, POLITICS |
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What is the status quo/social change dimension of critical theory?
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STATUS QUO
TELL YOU WHERE OR HOW IT EXISTIS, WON'T DO ANYTHING ABOUT IT, LEAVE THING AS THEY ARE SOCIAL CHANGE INSPIRE A CHANGE AND CHANGED LANGUAGE AND VALUES |
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What are the different types of quantitatuve and qualitative research?
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QUANTITITAIVE
USES DEDUCTIVE APPROACH STARTS WITH A BIGGER THEORY AND AND NARROWS IT DOWN TO JUST ONE CONCEPT, USES NUMBERS WHEN STUDYING, SPECFICI CONCRETE INFO IS USED QUALITITAVIE MIGHT VARY IN THEIR UNDERLYING VIEW OF THE WORLD FROM A SOMEWHAT OBJECTIVE VIEW |
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What is a conceptual definition?
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THEY WAY WE THINK ABOUT A NOTION
ED. DEFINE EDUCATION EFFECTIVENESS IT'S THE ABILITY FOR STUDENTS TO GATHER AND LEARN INFO |
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What is an operational definition?
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RESULTS ON THAT QUIZ, HOW YOU MEASURE THE EFFECTIVENESS ABOUT THE CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION
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What is a null theory?
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STUDY OF THE EXPERIMENT OF WHAT YOU YOU DON'T BELIEVE
STUDY THE OPPOSTIE OF WHAT YOU THINK WILL HAPPEN |
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What is a confounding variable?
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VARIABLE THAT IS UNACCOUNTED FOR
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What are the control variables?
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INDEPENDENT, IF, AND DEPENDET, THEN
INDEPENDENT WHEN YOU CAN MANIPULATE EX. THE HOURS OF STUDY A STUDENT DOES DEPENDET, STAYS THE SAME, IT'S WHAT IS MEASURE EX. TEST SCORES |
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With quanititaive research, what is reliabilty?
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YOU CAN DO EXPERIMENT OVER AND OVER AGAIN AND GET THE SAME RESULT, CONSTITENCY
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With quantitative research, what is validitiy?
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IF THE INOFRMATION IS CORRECT, DID YOU FIND WHAT YOU WANTED
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What types of research do quantitative researchers conduct?
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SURVEY
RESEARCH PARTICIAPANTS ARE PROVIDED WITH A STANDARD SET OF QUESTIONS DESIGNED TO MEASURE ONE OR MORE VERY SPECIFIC CONCEPTS GENERALIZABLE TO LARGE POP. EXPERIEMENT DESIGNED TO SHOW THAT TWO OR MORE EVENTS ARE CAUSALLY RELATED, TESTS OF THEORIES THT SEEK TO EXPLAIN WHY EVENTS OCCUR CONTENT ANALYSIS METHOD FOR ANALIYZING THE CONTENT OF COMMUNICATIONS |
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With qualititative research, what are some types of research?
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FOCUS GROUP
A SMALL GP. OF PEOPLE BROUGHT TO A CENTRAL LOCATION FOR AN INTENSIVE INTERVIEW WITH A MODERATOR IND. INTERVIEWS RESPONDETNS ASKED AT LEGHT TO GIVE AN ANSWER TO AN OPEN ENDED QUESTIONS, FREE TO ELABORATE IN ANY WAY ETHNOGORAPHY SEEKS TO DESCRIBE PEOPLE AS THEY INTERACT IN NATURALLY OCCURING GROUPS TEXTUAL ANALYSIS CRITIQUES AND ANALYSIS ON ALL KINDS OF TEXT, SPEECH, SIT COMS, FILMS |
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THIS IS THE DEFINTION IDENTIFYING HOW I WILL DEFINE SOMETHING - SCIENTIFIC RESARCH.
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CONCEPTUAL
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THIS IS THE DEFINITION IDENTIFYING HOW I WILL MEASURE SOMETHING - SCIENTIFC RESEARCH.
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OPERATIONAL
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THE OPPOSTIE OF A NOMINALIST.
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REALIST
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ANY COMUNICATION THAT CAN BE ANAZLYZED.
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TEXT
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A THEORETICAL RELATIONSHIP WHERE ONE CONCEPT PRECEDES ANOTHER IN TIME.
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TEMPORAL
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WHAT I WILL DO WITH SOME VARIABEL WHILE I MANIPULATE OTHERS.
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CONTROL
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A THEORY HAS THIS IF IT IS SIMPLE.
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PASIMONY
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A PREDICTION OR PRE-THEORY
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HYPOTHESIS
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RESEARCH THAT ALLOWS THE THOERY TO EMERGE FROM THE DATA GATHERED
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INDUCTIVE
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IN SCIENTIFC RESEARCH, A VARIABLE THAT IS NOT CONTROLLABLE OR CONTROLELD FOR
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CONFOUNDING
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A RELATIONSHIP OF CAUSE AND EFFECT
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CAUSAL
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MY HUMANISTIC RESEARCH HAS THIS IF MY INTERPRETATION OF MY DATA IS CONSITENT
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RELIABILTY
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THE BELIEF THAT WE ARE STIMULUS CREATUYRES, WE BEHAVE IN CAUSE-EFFECT PATTERNS
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DETERMINISM
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WHEN THE PEOPLE IN POWER KEEP THEIRPOWER BY CONTROLLING THE RESOURCES TO GET POWER
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HEGEONY
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THE VARIABLE THAT WE MEASURE- THE EFFECT
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DEPENDENT
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THE BREADTH OF FOCUS OF A THEORY
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SCOPE
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A THEORY HAS THIS WHEN IT IS USEFUL
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UTILITY
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THEIR ROLE OF VALUES IN RESEARCH
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AXIOLOGY
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QUESTIONS ABOUT THE KNOWLDEGE AND WHAT COUNTS AS KNOWLEDGE IN A FIELD
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EPISTEMOLOGY
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THE WHAT OF OUR THEORIZXING QUESTIONS ABOUT THE NATURE OR HUMAN BEHAVIOR
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ONTOLOGY
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RESEARCH BEIGNS WITH AND THEN TESTS A HYPOTHESE
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DEDUCTIVE
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THE VARIABLE THAT WE MANIUPLATE- THE CAUSE
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INDEPENDENT
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HUMANISTIC RESEARCH METHOD THAT DESRIBES PEOPLE AS THEY INTEARCT NATUREALLY
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ETHNOGRAPHY
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THEORETICAL RELATIONSHIP WHEN ONE THING GOES UP, THE OTHER GOES UP
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CORRELATIONAL
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A THEORY HAS THIS WHEN ITS CLAIMS CAN BE PROBEN TRUE AND FALSE
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FALSIFIABILITY
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A SINGLE IDEA IN A THEORY- DISTANCE
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CONCEPT
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THE BELIEF THAT WE CAN BE POSITVIE ABOUT A REALITY
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POSITIVISM
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A THEORY HAS THIS CRITERIA IF IT PROMOTES NEW RESEARCH
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HEURISM
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MY HUMANISTIC RESEARCH HAS THIS IF I INTERPRETATION OF MY DATA IS ACCURATE
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VALIDITY
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