Com 110 Fall 2006 Final Ii

Front 1

a collection of people who interact verbally & non verbally, occupy certain roles with respect for one another & work together to accomplish a common goal

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group

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5-7 people work best, task oriented groups smallest # of people capable of handling task

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size of group

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motivation for existing, the end state desired

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goals

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pattern of message flow

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pattern of communication

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emotional atmosphere

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climate

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1. supportiveness 2. participative decision making 3. trust 4. openness & candor 5. high performance goals

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Charles Redding's Effective Climate

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-facilitates polling resources
-increases motivation
-identify errors easier
-decisions better recieved
-provides rewards

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Advatages of Groups

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-promotes laziness
-conflicting personal & group goals
-domination of few
-stubborness leads to deadlock
-riskier decisions made
-takes longer to reach decisions

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Disadvatages of Groups

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able & willing to communicate with most or all group members

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central position

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relate to only one or at most a few

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peripheral position

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nonfunctional bejaviors, prevent effective group: blocking, aggression, recognition seeking, withdrawing, dominating, joking, self confessing, & help seeking

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self serving roles

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help group realize goals: initiating, info seeking, opinion seeking, info giving, opinion giving, clarifying, coordinating, evaluating, consensus testing

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task oriented roles

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help group run smoothly: encouraging, gate keeping, harmonizing, compromising, standard setting

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maintainance oriented goals

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ability to influence others and achieve goals

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leadership

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a group is stronger than any individual alone

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synergy

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any one person in the group can affect everyone positively or negitively, all group members depend on eachother

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interdenpendence

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collective belief among members that they can be effective

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efficiency

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the members work togehter to achieve obectives and goals pool resorces and coordinate efforts to obtain common goals

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coopertive goal structure

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members do not share resources, uncoordinated efforts, work to hinder one another's efforts to obtain goal

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competitive goal structure

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-evaluation
-control
-strategy
-neutrality
-superiority
-certainty

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defensive climate

Front 21

-description
-problem orientation
-spontaneity
-empathy
-equality
-provisionalism

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Supportive climate

Front 22

extreme way of avoiding conflict

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groupthink

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extent person wants to attain personal goals

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Blake & Moulton's Conclict Grid Horizontal scale

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extent person is concerned for others

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Blake & Moulton's Conflict Grid Vertical Scale

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neutrality is maintained at all costs, withdrawl form dealing with conflict

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Blake & Moulton's Conflict Grid 1.1

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compormise, bargaining & middle ground positions accepted so no one wins, workable rather than best solution

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Blake & Moulton's Conflict Grid 5.5

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valid problem solving takes place, emotions, reservations, & doubts are examined & worked through

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Blake & Moulton's Conflict Grid 9.9

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disagreements are smoothed over or ignored, maintained peaceful co-existance

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Blake & Moulton's Conflict Grid 1.9

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conflict is suppressed through authority

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Blake & Moulton's Conflict Grid 9.1

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exchange of information between individuals who are unalike culturally

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Intercultural Communication

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system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, & artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with one another & with their world

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cultures

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a group whose beliefs or behaviors distinguish it from the larger culture of which it is a part & shares similarities with

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co-cultures

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specialized languages used by co-cultures to facilitate effective communication & to distiguish group members from non members

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co-languages

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specialized language of disreputable underground co-cultures

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argot

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specialized language of non-professional non criminal groups

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cant

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technical language of a particular trade, profession, or group

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jargon

Front 37

derived from cant & argot consists of widely used terms to dominant culture but not acceptable in formal writing & speaking

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slang

Front 38

belief that your group or culture is superior to other groups or cultures

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ethnocentrism

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belief that another culture should be judged by its context rather than measured against own culture

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cultural relativism

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generalization about some group of people that oversimplifies their culture

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stereotype

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value individual freedom, choice, uniqueness, & independence

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individualistic cultures

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value the group over the individual

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collectivist cultures

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info & cultural rules are implied & known to individuals

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implicit rule culture

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info & cultural rules are explicit; procedures are explained & expectations are discussed

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explicit rule culture

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ability to use the verbal & Nonverbal language appropriately to culture or co-culture norms

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code sensitivity

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being open minded about differences

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tolerating abiguity

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process of recieving & interpreting oral stimuli

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listening

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physiological act of recieving sound

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hearing

Front 49

interference in the communication process from external & internal sources

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noise

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all stimuli in the environment that keep from focusing on the speaker & the message

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physical distractions

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wandering of the mind when you're supposed to be focused on something

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mental distraction

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internal interference focus so intently on details you miss the main point

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factual distractions

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occurs when you over respond to an emotion, word or concept

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sematic distractions

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person's social standing, rank, title, or value; can affect listening

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status

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active listening that challenges speakers message by evaluating its accuracy, meaningfulness, & utility

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critical listening

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what you see & ear affects listening

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sights & sounds

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excessive self focus, which interferes with listening

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egocentrism

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an impediment to listening that occurs when individuals act threatened as if they must defend what they have said or done

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defensiveness

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impediment to listening occurs when you look down on others

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experiential listening

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involved listening with a purpose

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active listening

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listener's verbal or nonverbla response to speaker & message

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feedback

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active listening you listen with a purpose and attempt to understand

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empathetic listening

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ability to percieve another person's world view as if it were your own

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empathy

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state of being fully engaged in the moment

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mindfulness

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analyzing & judging the accuracy of messages

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critical thinking

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speaker's competence to make a claim as precieved by the listeners

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source credibility

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critical thinking includes evaluating info or knowledge was discovered & evaluating the message itslef

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message analysis

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process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions

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persuasion

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mental give & take between speaker and listener during persuasive speech

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mental dialogue with audeince

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portion of the audience the whole audience that hte speaker most wants to persuade

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target audence

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questions about the truth or falsity of an assertion

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Questions of fact

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Questions of fact orgainized

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topically

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quesitons about worth, rightness, morality of idea or action

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Questions of Value

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Questions of value orgainized

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topically

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questions about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

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Question of policy

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question of policy organized

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problem-solution order
problem-cause-solution order
comparative advantages order
monroe's motivation sequence

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audience's perception of whether speaker is qualified to speak on topic based on competence & character

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credibility

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how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence & knowledge of topic

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competence

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how an aundience regards speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness & concern on topic

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character

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credibility of speaker before he or she starts to speak

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initial credibility

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credibility of speaker produced by everything speaker does during speech

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derived credibility

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credibility of speaker at end of speech

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terminal credibility

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credibily; authority & knowledge of credible source

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ethos

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logical proof based on reasoning

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logos

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emotional proof based on feelings or emotions

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pathos

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supporting materials used to prove or disprove something

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evidence

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process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence

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reasoning

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moves from particular facts to general conclusion

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reasoning from specific insances

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error in reasoning form specific instances justs to conclusion on basis of insufficient evidence

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hasty generalization

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reasoning moves from general principle to specific conclusion

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reasoning form prinicple

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error in reasoning from specific instances, justps to conclusion on basis of insufficient evidence

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hasty generalization

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reasoning moves from general prinicple to specific conclusion

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reasoning from principle

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reasoning seeks to establish realtionship between causes & effects

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casual reasoning

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mistake that one event cuased another; error in casual reasonning

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false cuase

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reasoning speaker compares similar cuases; if tru for first than true for second

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analogical reasoning

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two causes being compared are not essentially alike

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invalid analagy

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error in reasoning

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fallacy

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fallacy introduces irrelevant issue to divert attention from discussion subject

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red herring

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fallacy attacks person rather than dealing with real issue

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ad hominem

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fallacy forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more exist

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either or OR fasle alternatives

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fallacy assumes because its populat that it is correct, good, or desirable

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bandwagon

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fallacy assumes taking first step leads to other steps

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slippery slope