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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Personal Inventory, Clustering, Reference Search, Internet Search
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4 Brainstorming Methods
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Two General purposes of most classroom speeches.
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To Persuade, To inform
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A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in their speech.
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Specific purpose statement
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Write the Purpose as a full Phrase.
Express the purpose as a statement, not a question. Avoid figuratice language in your purpose statement. Limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea. Make sure your specific purpose is not too vague or general. |
5 steps for formulating your speech.
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A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech.
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Central Idea
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Does my purpose meet the assignment?
Can I accomplish my purpose in the time allotted? Is the purpose relevant to my audience? Is the purpose too trivial for my audience? Is the purpose too technical for my audience? |
Questions to ask about your specific purpose.
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Should be expressed in a full sentence
Should not be in the form of a question Should avoid figurative language Should not be vague or overly general |
Guidelines for an effective central idea
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Focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion.
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critical thinking
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Speaker
Message Channel Listener Feedback Interference Situation |
7 elements of speech communication
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The belief that one's own group or culture is superior is superior to all other groups or cultures.
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ethocentrism
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the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs. The information in the speech can have an impact on someone's life and you want to make sure the information is correct.
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Ethics & why its important
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Make sure your goals are ethically sound
Be fully prepared for each speech Be honest in what you say Avoid name calling and other abusive language put ethical principles into practice |
5 guidelines for ethical speechmaking
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presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own.
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Plagiarism
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Stealing a speech from a single source
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Global Plagiarism
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Stealing ideas or language from 2 or 3 sources
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Patchwork Plagiarism
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Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from others
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Incremental Plagiarism
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Best way to avoid plagiarism?
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Paraphrase or use quotes whenever you think you may need them
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Be courteous and attentive
Avoid prejudging the speaker Maintain the free and open expression of ideas |
3 basic guidelines for ethical listening
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Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation.
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being audience-centered
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To be concerned above all with your own values, beliefs, and well-being
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Being egocentric
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Size
Physical setting Disposition toward the topic Disposition toward the speaker Disposition toward the occation |
5 situational audience analysis factors
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Age
Gender Sexual orientation Racial Ethnic and cultural background Religion Group membership |
6 demographic traits of audiences
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Two ways to get information about an audience.
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Interviewing and Questionaires.
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Fixed
Scale Open Ended |
3 types of questions used in questionaires
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Assessing how your audience is likely to respond to what you will say in your speech
Adjusting what you say to make it as clear, approriate, and convincing as possible |
Ways to adapt your speech to your audience before the speech.
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Adapt if you find yourself with less time that you thought
Look for audience approval |
Ways to adapt your speech to your audience during the speech
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Numerical Data
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Statistics
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Are they representative?
Measures used corrrectly? From a reliable source? |
3 questions asked to judge reliability of statistics
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quotations or paraphrases to support a point
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testimony
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Testimony from someone who has had a firsthand experience on the topic.
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Peer Testimony
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Testimony from an expert in the field of topic.
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Expert testimony
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Brief, Extended, nad Hypothetical
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3 types of examples
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A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point
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Brief Examples
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A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point
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Extended Example
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describes an imaginary or fictitious situation
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Hypothetical
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a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern.
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Chronological Order
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A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a dirent pattern
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Spacial Order
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A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause effect relationship
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Causal Order
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First main point deals with the existence of a problem and the 2nd main point presents a solution to the problem
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Problem-solution order
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The main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics
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Topical order
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Transition
Internal previews Internal summary Signpost |
4 kinds of speech connectives
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a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another
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Transition
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a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next
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Internal Preview
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A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points
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Internal Summary
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A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas.
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Signpost
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Get the attention and interest on your audience
Reveal the topic of your speech Establish your credibility and goodwill Preview the body of the speech |
4 objectives of a speech introduction
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Let the audience know you are enging the speech,
Reinforce the audiences understanding of or commitment to the central idea |
2 major functions of a speech conclusion
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crescendo ending
dissolve ending |
signal the end of the speech
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A conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity
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Crescendo
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A conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement
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Dissolve
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a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and biography of a speech
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Preparation outline
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a brief outline used to jog a speakers memory during the presentation
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speaking outline
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the literary or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase.
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Denotative Meaning
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The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase
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Connotative
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Use familiar words,
Choose concrete words, Eliminate Clutter |
using language clearly tips
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conveys Ideas clearly
Doesnt call attention to itself |
good speech delivery
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manuscript
reciting from memory speaking impromptu Speaking extemoraneously |
4 types of speech delivery
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a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience
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Manuscript
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Memorize and deliver speech
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Reciting from memory
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delivered with little or no immediate preparation
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Speaking impromptu
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carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.
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Speaking Extemporaneously
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the loudness or softness of the speakers voice
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Volume
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the highness or lowness of the speakers voice
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pitch
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the speed at which a person speaks
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Rate
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A momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech
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Pause
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changes in a speakers rate, pitch and volume
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Vocal Variety
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the acceptd stardard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language
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pronunciation
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the physical production of particular speech sounds
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articulation
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a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammer, or vocabulary
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Dialect
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personal appearance
movement gestures eye contact |
4 aspects of nonverbal communication
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interest retention and enhancing every aspect
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3 advantages of using visual aids
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