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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Group
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a small number of people who share a common purpose, who feel connected to each other and coordinate their behavior
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Increased size groups can lead to problems such as
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social loafing
free riding |
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Power
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a person's ability to bring about the outcomes they desire
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Reward power
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a person with reward power has control over some valued resource
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Coercive power
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a person with coercive power has the ability to inflict punishments
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Expert power
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based on what a person knows
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Referent power
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the power of interpersonal attraction/charisma
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Legitimate power
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based on formal rank or position
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Plato
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believes rhetoric is the art of winning the soul by discourse
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Aristotle
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believes rhetoric is the art of persuasion
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Burke
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believes rhetoric is the manipulation of men's beliefs for political ends
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Ehninger
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believes rhetoric is influence
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Rhetorical analysis
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analysis of political and other public discourse
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Metaphor
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a figure of speech in which one thing is spoken of as if it were another
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Tenor
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thing being compared
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Vehicle
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what thing is compared to
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Metaphors influence?
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how we view and make sense of the world
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Rhetor
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a person or institution that addresses a public audience AND originator of a message
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Ethos
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writer's creditability
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Ethical
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good sense
good moral character goodwill |
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Good sense
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the speaker's intelligence and wisdom
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Good moral character
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the speaker's image as a good and honest person
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Goodwill
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the speaker's intention toward the audience
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Pathos
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emotional appeals:
narration often effective photos identification |
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Rhetorical proof
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Pathos; passion, the emotions that are drawn out of listeners
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Logos
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logic, rationale, reasoning
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Functions of rhetoric
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affirm cultural values
deliberative rhetoric/democracy forensic rhetoric/legislative social change |
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Perceived threat
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the existence of a personally relevant and serious danger
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Perceived efficacy
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the effectiveness and ease with which a recommended response helps avert a threat
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No response
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no threat
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Rejection
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high threat/low efficacy
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Acceptance
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high threat/high efficacy
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Elaboration Likelihood model
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old way of thinking; effortful thoughtful, evaluation of a message's persuasion
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Central route
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longer lasting change, when elaboration likelihood is high
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Peripheral route
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temporary change, when elaboration likelihood is low
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Heuristic
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a simple decision rule
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Social proof
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we view a behavior as correct to the degree that we see others performing it
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Liking
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we prefer to say yes to individuals we know and like
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Authority
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we have a deep-seated sense of duty to authority
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Scarcity
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opportunities seem more valuable to us when they are less avaliable
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Motivation
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is there an incentive or reason for us to listen to the message
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Ability
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do we have the skill or capability to analyze the message
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If motivation and ability are both high then
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use central route
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If motivation and/or ability are low then,
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use peripheral route
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Mass media/mass communication
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the channels used to transmit/deliver information to large audiences
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Theory 1
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people are not passive consumers of media
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Theory 2
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people actively seek out specific content to generate specific results
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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a theory of human motivation
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Basic needs of maslow's hierarchy
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physiological needs
security needs social needs esteem needs self-actualization |
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Reasons people engage in media behaviors
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Entertainment
social interaction personal identity informative |
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Assumptions of media
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Audience is goal oriented
Audience decides The media competes People are aware |
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Types of agendas
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Public
Media Elite |
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Salience
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importance or relevance
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Agenda setting
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assigning priorities to list of alternative issues
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The media doesn't reflect reality,
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they filter and shape it
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Media leads the public to
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perceive some issues as more important than other issues
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Salience transfer
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the ability of the salient issues on one agenda to influence how salient those issues are on another agenda
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Framing
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a broad organizing theme for selecting emphasizing and linking the elements of a story
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Reasoned skepticism
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we need to be both open minded and critical when evaluating others' messages
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Computer mediated communication
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exchange of messages through an intervening system
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CMC
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involves communicating online
filters out nonverbal cues occurs asynchronously |
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FTF
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relies on nonverbal cues
occurs synchronously |
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4 basic CMC activities
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exchange messages
gather info hobbies & entertainment financial transactions |
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Socia info processing
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CMC users must rely on text-only messages to convey info
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Extended time
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CMC takes at least four times longer than FTF
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Chronemics
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time to respond
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Hyperpersonal
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CMC relationships that are more personal and intimate than romances or friendships would be if partners were FTF
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Sender
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selective self-presentation
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Receiver
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over attribution of similarity
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Channel
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communicating on your own time
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Feedback
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self fulfilling prophecy
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Moral
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meet FTF relatively quick
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Computer taliored messages
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messages intended to reach one specific person based on characteristics that are unique to the person
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Generic messages
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designed to reach a large number of individuals but aren't customized to any particular subgroup or individual
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Targeted messages
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developed for a specific subgroup whose member are similar in one or more ways
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Sexting
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sexually explicit texts/photos
30-40 percent of high schoolers do |
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Intexticated
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driving while texting
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Cyber bullying
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deliberate and repeated misuse of communication technology by an individual or group to threaten or harm others
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Expressed
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people express conflict vebally/nonverbally
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Independent
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both sides depend on other to achieve goals
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Incompatible goals
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parties perceive they want something inconsistent with what the other wants
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Interference
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parties perceive that other will block own attempts to reach goal
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Conflict
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an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals and interference from others in achieving their goals
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Conflict management styles
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consistent orientations people take toward conflict
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Avoiding
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withdrawing from or refusing to deal with the conflict
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Obliging
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satisfying the other person's goals at your expense
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Compromising
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finding a solution that partially satisfies both parites
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Dominating
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pursuing your own goals at the other person's expense
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Integrating
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attempting to find the solution that fully satisfies both parties concerns
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Expanding the pie
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increasing available resources so both parities can get what they want
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Logroling
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each party concedes on issues which are a low priority to themselves but a high priority to the other
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Bridging
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inventing a new option that needs the interest of both parties
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Position
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something you decide upon
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Interest
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what motivates your position
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Destructive conflict
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when participants are dissatisfied with the outcome and/or the relationship is damaged
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Constructive conflict
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characterized by flexibility and beliefs that all parties can achieve important goals
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Grouphate
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the distaste and aversion that people feel toward working in groups
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Primary groups
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groups that provide members with a sense of belonging and affection
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Secondary groups
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groups that meet principally to sole problems
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Social facilitation
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the tendency for people to work harder and do better when others are around
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Trait theory
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leadership theory that suggest that leaders are born
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Functional theory
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a theory that assumes leadership behaviors can be learned
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Shared leadership
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functional leadership is extended to an organizational level; all members are equal partners and share responsibilty
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Style theory
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asserts that a leader's manner or style determines his or her success
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Authoritarian leader
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takes charge, makes all decisions
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Democratic leader
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style is characterized by considerable input from group members
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Laissez-faire
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a leadership style characterized by complete freedom for the group in making decisions
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Transformational leadership
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a leadership style that empowers group members to work independently from the leader by encouraging group cohesion
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Analysis paralysis
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potential pitfall in small group interaction;occurs when excessive analysis prevents a group from moving toward a solution
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Brainstorm
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to generate as many ides as possible without critiquing them
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Decision making process
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the 4 phase process used by a group to evaluate info and arrive at a decision
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Emergence phase
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the third phase of decision making process; occurs when group members express a cooperative attitude
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Reinforcement phase
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final phase; when group members reach consensus
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Groupthink
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a negative and potentially disastrous group process characterized by "excessive concurrence thinking"
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Group processes
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the methods by which a group accomplishes a task
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Rhetor
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a person or institution that addresses a large audience; the originator of a communication message but not the deliverer
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Artistic proofs
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artistic skills of rhetor that influence effectiveness
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Rhetorical audience
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those people who can take the appropriate action in response to a message
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Rhetorical event
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any event that generates a significant amount of public discourse
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Deliberative rhetoric
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the type of rhetoric used to argue what a society should do in the future
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Public sphere
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the arena in which deliberative decision making occurs through the exchange of ideas and arguments
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Forensic rhetoric
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addresses events that happened in the past with the goal of setting things right after an injustice has occured
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Social movement
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a large organized body of people who are attempting to create social change
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Rhetorical critic
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an informed consumer of rhetorical discourse who is prepared to analyze rhetorical texts
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Media
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the plural form of medium a channel of communication
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Culture industries
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large organizations in the business of mass communication that produce, distribute, or show various media texts
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Active agents
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seekers of various media messages and resisters of others
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Linear model
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portrayal of communication as a process occurring largely in one direction
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New media
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refers to the new communication technologies of the late 20th century and early 21 century
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Mass media effects
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the influence that media have on people's everyday lives
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Media text
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a television show, advertisement, movie, or other media event
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Selective exposure
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the idea that people seek media messages and/or interpret media texts in ways that confirm their beliefs and conversely, resist or avoid messages that challenge their beliefs
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Uses and gratifications
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the idea that people use media messages and find various types of gratifications in some media texts rather than in others
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Content analysis
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approach to understanding media that focuses on specific aspect of the content of a text or group of text
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Agenda setting capacity
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the power of media coverage to influence individuals' view of the world
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Cultivation theory
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idea that long term immersion in a media environment leads to cultivation or enculturation in to shared beliefs about the world
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Hegemony
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the process by which we consent to social constructions rather than having them opposed on us
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Media event
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occasions or catastrophes that interrupt regular programming
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Media violence
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representation of violent acts in media
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Media activation
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the practice of organizing to communicate displeasure with certain media images and messages as well as to force changes in future media texts
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MPAA
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Motion picture association of america
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Socai networking site
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a website where one user can publish information about him/her for the purpose of connecting with others
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Cyberspace
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synonymous with the internet or online world
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Media deficit approach
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a theoretical perspective that sees mediated communication as deficient in comparison to face to face communication
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Media augmentation approach
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a theoretical perspective that views mediated communication as complementing or augmenting F2F
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Social presence
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degree of psychological closeness or immediacy engendered by various media
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Media richness
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the potential information carrying capacity of a communication medium
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Emoticons
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pictographs used in email to convey relational info
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Asynchronicity
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occurs when a message is sent and received at different times
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Pseudoanonymity
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projecting a false identity
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Hyperpersonal relationships
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internet relationships that develop intimacy more quickly than face to face relationships
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Cultural capital
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cultural knowledge and cultural competencies that people need to function effectively in society
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Technocapital
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access to technological skills and resources
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Diffusion of innovations
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theory that explains why some innovations like computer are accepted by some people and rejected by others
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