Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
293 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
crystal system garnets; shape |
cubic crystal system; dodecahedron |
875
|
|
|
... are leading producers of aquamarine.
|
Brazil, Pakistan, and China
|
249
|
|
|
... are soft gems with cleavage in two directions, so they require protective settings. |
Feldspar, spodumene, and diopside |
1070
|
|
|
... causes the most desirable red and green gem colors.
|
Chromium
|
1235
|
|
|
... causes turquoise to appear greenish blue, while copper creates the more desirable pure blue color.
|
Iron
|
1110
|
|
|
... forms in the same metamorphic rocks as corundum, and both gem species are often found in the same alluvial deposits.
|
Spinel
|
1200
|
|
|
... has become a significant source of good- to finequality blue sapphires.
|
Madagascar
|
1296
|
|
|
... has been the most important source of rhodolite since the 1960s.
|
East Africa
|
1194
|
|
|
... is a significant corundum source that promises to beeven more productive in the future.
|
East Africa
|
780
|
|
|
... is one of the world’s largest sources of dark blue, commercial-quality sapphires.
|
Australia
|
1295
|
|
|
... is the major source of the finest-quality amethyst.
|
Africa
|
395
|
|
|
... is the transparent orange to cinnamon-colored variety of the grossularite species.
|
Hessonite
|
1191
|
|
|
... is the world’s major source of commercial-quality amethyst.
|
Brazil
|
396
|
|
|
... most valuable red garnet—has a dark purplish red to light reddish purple hue.
|
Rhodolite—the
|
1193
|
|
|
... the transparent green variety of andradite, is colored by a mixture of chromium and iron.
|
Demantoid,
|
1186
|
|
|
(2 colors) topaz varieties, including imperial topaz, are the most rare and valuable.
|
Red and pink
|
237
|
|
|
(2) cause the wide variety of colors in topaz.
|
Color centers and traces of chromium
|
238
|
|
|
(4) provide most of the world’s emeralds.
|
Colombia, Zambia, Brazil, and Zimbabwe
|
1309
|
|
|
10 gems colored by chromium
|
red spinel, ruby, pink sapphires, pink topaz, jadeite, demantoid garnet, chrome pyrope, chrome diopside, alexandrite, emerald
|
338
|
|
|
14 gems colored by iron
|
Peridot, yellow sapphire, golden beryl, chrysoberyl, aquamarine, red garnets, almandite, yellow to orange grossularite, emeralds (bluish/darker), iolite, orthoclase feldspar, brown to orange chalcedony, nephrite jade, indicolite
|
339
|
|
|
3 cutting centers for blue sapphire
|
Thailand and India; Sri Lanka moving up
|
527
|
|
|
3 gems colored by nickel
|
yellow or green synthetic spinel; synthetic yellow sapphire, natural chrysoprase
|
343
|
|
|
4 elements of beryl
|
beryllium, aluminum, silicon, oxygen
|
1138
|
|
|
4 gems colored by copper
|
tourmaline, turqoise, malachite, blue azurite
|
344
|
|
|
4 gems colored by iron and titanium
|
blue sapphire, blue spinela, kyanite, tourmaline
|
340
|
|
|
5 gems from Myanmar
|
jadeite, peridot, tourmaline, sapphire, and spinel
|
337
|
|
|
6 gems colored by vanadium
|
tanzanite, tsavorite garnet (also with chromium), grossularite garnet, green tourmaline, color change garnets, some emeralds
|
341
|
|
|
A large deposit of alexandrite discovered in ... in the early 1980s briefly increased alexandrite’s availability.
|
Brazil
|
1330
|
|
|
A melt process where a heating unit passes over a rotating solid rod of chemicals until it forms a synthetic crystal.
|
Floating zone
|
1006
|
|
|
A synthetic-crystal growth method that uses cooling pipes around an interior of melted chemical ingredients.
|
Skull melt
|
1013
|
|
|
amazonite (microcline feldspar), rhodonite
|
triclinic (2)
|
315
|
|
|
An igneous rock formed from cooling, once-molten granite that follows fractures in its surrounding rock. It may contain very large crystals, and its shape is often thin and contorted.
|
Pegmatite
|
73
|
|
|
Blue sapphires from ... are preferred in some markets, including Japan.
|
Sri Lanka
|
1291
|
|
|
color cause from conchiolin coral
|
color is from impurities in seawaters
|
1056
|
|
|
color element - aquamarine
|
traces of iron; two charge transfer processes work to produce blue; one produces a yellow, the other blue
|
677
|
|
|
Color element - azurite
|
copper
|
431
|
|
|
color element - helidor
|
iron
|
646
|
|
|
Color element - iolite
|
iron
|
567
|
|
|
Color element - malachite
|
copper
|
430
|
|
|
color element - mint chrysoberyl
|
vanadium
|
585
|
|
|
color element - orange topaz
|
chromium and color centers
|
612
|
|
|
color element - peridot
|
iron, part of gem's composition
|
871
|
|
|
color element - pink, red, violet, and purple topaz
|
Chromium
|
610
|
|
|
color element - Rhodochrosite
|
manganese
|
464
|
|
|
color element - ruby
|
Chromium trace element
|
479
|
|
|
Color element - sugalite
|
manganese
|
458
|
|
|
Color element - turquoise
|
copper
|
426
|
|
|
color element - yellow, brown, and blue topaz
|
color centers
|
611
|
|
|
color element amethyst
|
color results from color centers caused by natural irradiation acting on trace elements of iron in crystal structure
|
1386
|
|
|
color element blue spinel
|
cobalt and iron
|
888
|
|
|
color element citrine
|
iron
|
1395
|
|
|
color element demantoid
|
chromium
|
982
|
|
|
color element for green sapphire
|
two factors - yellow by iron; blue by an iron and titanium intervalence charge transfer
|
1482
|
|
|
color element for padparasha
|
traces of iron and chromium and sometimes color centers
|
1474
|
|
|
color element for purple sapphure
|
iron, titanium, and chromium
|
1479
|
|
|
color element for yellow orange sapphire
|
iron, possibly chromium, or color centers
|
1480
|
|
|
color element in green and blue tourmaline
|
iron and titanium
|
822
|
|
|
color element in green jadeite
|
chromium
|
1024
|
|
|
color element in lavendar jadeite
|
iron and oxygen
|
1025
|
|
|
color element in red, pink, yellow tourmaline
|
manganese
|
823
|
|
|
color element in yellow and pink to red elbaite tourmaline
|
radiation
|
824
|
|
|
color element malaya garnet
|
iron and manganese
|
992
|
|
|
color element morganite
|
manganese
|
638
|
|
|
Color element of synthetic chrysoberyl
|
vanadium
|
598
|
|
|
color element of tsavorite
|
vanadium
|
902
|
|
|
color element orange and purple spinel
|
iron and chromium
|
886
|
|
|
color element pink sapphire
|
chromium; sometimes trace titanium
|
1477
|
|
|
color element pyrope
|
iron
|
894
|
|
|
color element red beryl
|
manganese
|
669
|
|
|
color element red spinel
|
chromium
|
885
|
|
|
color element rhodolite?
|
iron (almondite); magnesium (pyrope)
|
959
|
|
|
color element smoky quartz
|
color centers with natural irradiation on aluminum impurities
|
1401
|
|
|
color element violet or grayish violet
|
iron
|
887
|
|
|
color elements (2) for spessartite?
|
manganese; traces of iron
|
940
|
|
|
color elements for sphene
|
cerium and yttrium cause yellowih to yellowish green; chromium causes chrome sphene green
|
1130
|
|
|
color elements hessonite
|
iron and manganese
|
976
|
|
|
color elements in diopside
|
chromium and vanadium
|
793
|
|
|
color of maxixe
|
dark sapphire-blue beryl
|
650
|
|
|
Color of sodalite?
|
blue
|
473
|
|
|
Color range - azurite
|
dark blue to violetish blue
|
432
|
|
|
Color range - charoite
|
Violet color with swirls, veins, and patches of black, gray, white, and brownish orange
|
460
|
|
|
color range - kunzite
|
Light pink to violetish purple colors; light pink is common
|
785
|
|
|
Color range - sugalite
|
red-purple to bluish purple
|
459
|
|
|
color range andradite?
|
yellowish to yellowish green
|
953
|
|
|
color range citrine
|
pale yellow to brownish orange
|
1396
|
|
|
color range morganite
|
pastel pink to peach gem; usually light; pink, rose, peach, salmon
|
639
|
|
|
color range of apatite?
|
many colors
|
1090
|
|
|
Color range of chrysoberyl
|
usually green, greenish yellow or brown
|
572
|
|
|
color range of sphene
|
many colors
|
1132
|
|
|
Color-change garnets are usually ... mixtures with vanadium as a coloring agent.
|
pyrope-spessartite
|
1196
|
|
|
Commonly dyed gems include (4)
|
cultured pearl, lapis lazuli, chalcedony, and coral
|
1265
|
|
|
corundum, quartz, tourmaline
|
trigonal (rhombohedral) (3)
|
312
|
|
|
Crystal habit blue sapphire
|
barrel or spindle-shaped hexagonal pyramid or bipyramid
|
516
|
|
|
crystal habit for quartz
|
trigonal crystal system
|
1381
|
|
|
crystal habit of emerald
|
elongated 6 sided prism
|
1140
|
|
|
Crystal habit of tourmaline
|
elongated with rounded triangular cross section; fine grooves along length
|
821
|
|
|
crystal habit ruby
|
tabular hexagonal prism; also elongated prisms and bipyrameds
|
478
|
|
|
Crystal system of topaz, characteristics of crystals (2)
|
orthorhombic crystal system; typically elongated with strong parallel grooves
|
615
|
|
|
crystal type of aquamarine
|
typically six-sided columns with flat faces at their ends
|
676
|
|
|
Dealers often characterize amethyst from Brazil and Uruguay as ... but both sources can produce gems comparable to African material.
|
pale,
|
397
|
|
|
Describe a Burmese blue sapphire
|
Burmese - slightly violetish blue to blue with mod strong to vivid; med dark tone; more intense and saturated than Kashmir, but lacks luster; inky, "royal; form in igneous rocks or pegmatite that have undergone a combo of contact and regional metamorphism blue"
|
531
|
|
|
Describe a Kanchanaburi blue sapphire
|
Kanchanaburi - greenish, grayish, milky; not as brilliant as Sri Lanka
|
534
|
|
|
Describe a Kashmire blue sapphire
|
Kashmir - violetish blue to blue; mod strong to vivid saturation; med dark stone; minute inclusions give velvety luster; "cornflower blue"; best quality sapphire
|
530
|
|
|
Describe a Thai blue sapphire
|
Thai - can get greenish; darker and inky
|
535
|
|
|
Describe Afghani and Pakistani emeralds
|
Afghanistan & Pakistan - quality can rival Columbian; political, climate, and altitude issues
|
1160
|
|
|
describe Brazilian emeralds
|
Brazil - More commercial quality than columbia; less saturated, light to med green; bluer than Columbian, due to increased iron
|
1157
|
|
|
Describe Columbian emerald.
|
Colombian - finest emerald color; slightly bluish green with med to med dk tone with strong to vivid sat
|
1150
|
|
|
Describe Kenyan rubies
|
high chromium, high fluorescence
|
500
|
|
|
Describe quality of Maraba amethyst
|
Para (Maraba) less saturated in color, but uniform color and good clarity and large stones;
|
1392
|
|
|
Describe quality of Rio Grande de Sul/Uruguay
|
Rio Grande de Sul (extense into Uraguay, 4 inches long, lighter in tone, but no brown tinges)
|
1393
|
|
|
Describe quality of S. American amethyst
|
S America - Source of lighter colored goods; 75% commercial quality;
|
1391
|
|
|
Describe quality of uruguay and argentina amethyst
|
Uruguay and Argentina - strong color zoning, smaller and darker can rival African amethyst;
|
1394
|
|
|
Describe quality of Zambian/African amethyst
|
Africa - small quantities of best; Zambia (super richly saturated color);
|
1390
|
|
|
Describe quality output at Columbia's 4 emerald mines
|
Columbian Mines - Muzo (Bright pure green, some bluish green) Chivor (bluish green), Coscuez (Bright green "Green fire", La Pita (not as yellow as Cosquez, not as blue as Chivor; most significant producer in Columbia)
|
1155
|
|
|
Describe Sandawanat emralds
|
Sandawana, Zimbabwe - discovered 1956; producer since 1993; small, but richly colored stones, hi chromium, low iron, large stones too dark
|
1159
|
|
|
Describe shorl tourmaline
|
schorl - typically black; rich in iron; rarely a gem; mourning jewelry
|
831
|
|
|
Describe Sri Lankan rubies
|
light in tone
|
496
|
|
|
Describe tanzanian rubies
|
strong fluorescence; most are too pink or orange to be ruby; cabochon mostly
|
502
|
|
|
Describe thai rubies.
|
darker, lack rutile silk
|
493
|
|
|
Describe Zambian emerald
|
Zambia - discovered 1931, no production until 1967, irregular shaped, darker in tone, more bluish than Columbia, lack vivid color, fewer fractures, 5% top quality; 80% commercial
|
1158
|
|
|
diamond, spinel, garnet, fluorite
|
Cubic (4)
|
309
|
|
|
Differing amounts and combinations of the trace elements (3)... cause most fancy sapphire colors.
|
iron,titanium, and chromium
|
767
|
|
|
Emeralds from ... generally have fewer fractures than emeralds from other sources.
|
African mines
|
1311
|
|
|
Exposing a gem to radiation to change or improve its color.
|
Irradiation
|
554
|
|
|
Finest cat's eye chrysoberyl come from where?
|
Sri Lanka
|
580
|
|
|
gem - trade name "Pink emerald"
|
morganite
|
637
|
|
|
Gem - trade name "rose topaz"
|
pink topaz
|
632
|
|
|
gem - trade term "black diamond"
|
hematite
|
468
|
|
|
gem - trade term "pink marble"
|
Rhodonite
|
466
|
|
|
gem trade name "rubellite"
|
red and pink tourmaline
|
853
|
|
|
gems synthesized by pulling (6)
|
alexandrite, cat's eye alexandrite, green chrysoberyl, corundums, YAG, GGG
|
1203
|
|
|
host rock - paraiba?
|
pegmatite
|
842
|
|
|
host rock almandite
|
largest sources are usually metamorphic rocks like schist
|
945
|
|
|
host rock for peridot?
|
baslat
|
870
|
|
|
host rocks (2) for spessartite?
|
pegmatite and metamorphic rocks
|
939
|
|
|
How are CZs synthetized?
|
skull method
|
1204
|
|
|
How do yellowish/reddish brown topaz become pink?
|
heating
|
618
|
|
|
how does chalcedony get it's color?
|
stained by solutions rich in metallic salts like iron oxides
|
1430
|
|
|
How does colorless become blue topaz?
|
irradiation and heating
|
619
|
|
|
Huge numbers of dark-toned, reddish brown, calibrated ... garnets are used in inexpensive, mass-market jewelry.
|
pyropealmandite
|
1195
|
|
|
If yellow to reddish brown topaz contains ... careful heat treatment can produce a pink color.
|
chromium,
|
245
|
|
|
In spinel, the higher the ... content, the stronger the red hue.
|
chromium
|
1198
|
|
|
inclusions hessonite
|
too inclusded to be in jewelry; heat wave or scotch in water effect
|
978
|
|
|
Kenya ruby mines (2)
|
Penny Lane Mine & John Saul Mine
|
499
|
|
|
kunzite (spodumene), moonstone (orthoclase feldspar)
|
monoclinic (2)
|
314
|
|
|
kyanite has the same chemistry as…
|
same chemistry as andalusite (aluminum silicate, traces of titanium and iron)
|
1118
|
|
|
Light-colored or colorless spodumene is … and …(2) to produce kunzite’s rosy color, but the color— treated or natural—can fade under heat or bright light.
|
irradiated and then carefully heated
|
1081
|
|
|
Location of a change in crystal growth direction.
|
Twinning plane
|
159
|
|
|
Major source of topaz
|
Ouro Preto area of Minas Gerais of Brazil - major source of imperial topaz; still 1-2% output is imperial
|
621
|
|
|
mining (1) for diopside
|
eastern Siberia
|
795
|
|
|
mining (1) pyrope
|
Czech Republic
|
897
|
|
|
mining (1) yellow chrysoberyl
|
Orissa India
|
584
|
|
|
mining (2) color change garnet
|
African and Sri Lanks
|
1022
|
|
|
mining (2) for demantoid
|
Russia (high quality); Central Namibia (large, but no horsetails; good quality)
|
987
|
|
|
Mining (2) for sunstones
|
Oregon, India
|
761
|
|
|
mining (3) for spinel
|
Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Tajikistan; occurs with corundum
|
889
|
|
|
mining (3) malaya garnet
|
Tanzania, Kenya, Sri Lanka
|
994
|
|
|
mining (4) for kunzite
|
Afghanistan, Brazil, Madagascar, California
|
788
|
|
|
mining (6) nephrite
|
New Zealand (green stone); BC Canada (polar jade); China, Russia, Taiwan, US
|
1039
|
|
|
mining ametrine (1)
|
Bolivia - only source of natural ametrine; Brazilian border 1970s; Anihi Mine
|
1409
|
|
|
mining benitoite
|
one location - Diablo Mountain Range of San Benito County
|
1094
|
|
|
mining for jet (1)
|
England - Whitby in Yorkshire
|
1088
|
|
|
mining for red beryl (1)
|
ONLY Wah Wah mountains of Utah; closed in 2000s
|
673
|
|
|
Mining for tanzanite
|
Only one place; Merelani area in Tanzania
|
543
|
|
|
Mining for tsavorite (3)
|
East African countires (Tanzania, Kenya, Madagascar)
|
907
|
|
|
Mining location for blue sapphire (6)
|
Myanmar - some of the best; Sri Lanka - mid to high end; Commercial - Thailand, Cambodia, Australia, Madagascar
|
521
|
|
|
Mogok ruby - color
|
finest color, fluorescent, dense rutile silk
|
487
|
|
|
Morganite is almost always ... to produce or improve the pink color.
|
heat-treated
|
251
|
|
|
Most citrine on the market is produced by heat treatment of ...
|
amethyst
|
399
|
|
|
most common treatment adventurine?
|
commonly dyed to produced colored, inexpensive gemstones; often dyed to resemble jade
|
1421
|
|
|
most common treatment rose quartz
|
irradiation - intensifies color
|
1416
|
|
|
Nigeria, Madagascar, and Mozambiques are noted for what qualities in their aquamarine
|
small, but intense
|
684
|
|
|
Only place where charoite is mined.
|
Russia
|
461
|
|
|
Other than pegmatites, how else can topaz grow?
|
some grow in metamorphic rocks in hydrothermal veins
|
614
|
|
|
Pakistan is noted for what qualities in aquamarine
|
light greenish blue to blue; large
|
685
|
|
|
paraiba tourmalines, turquoise, malachite, blue azurite, chrysocolla-in-chalcedony
|
gems colored by copper
|
54
|
|
|
Primarily, topaz grow in what kind of stone?
|
primarily pegmatites - most form in cavities in igneous rocks like granite and pegmantite
|
613
|
|
|
Primary mining (1) - lapis
|
Afghanistan
|
413
|
|
|
Primary mining (1) iolite
|
Sri Lanka
|
570
|
|
|
Primary mining (1) of non-phenomenal chrysoberyl
|
Sri Lanka
|
600
|
|
|
primary mining (2) alexandrite
|
Sri Lanka (larger than Russian, less desirable colors); Brazil's Minas Gerias (anarchy incident at mine)
|
575
|
|
|
Primary mining (3) azurite and azurmalachite
|
US, Namibia, France
|
433
|
|
|
primary mining (green and blue tourmaline)
|
brazil
|
851
|
|
|
primary mining adventurine/quartzite?
|
India
|
1422
|
|
|
primary mining for morganite
|
pegmatite mines in Minas Gerias, Brazile
|
641
|
|
|
primary mining helidor
|
Minas Gerias, Brazil
|
649
|
|
|
Primary mining rhodolite?
|
east africa
|
962
|
|
|
primary mining rose quartz
|
brazil
|
1417
|
|
|
primary mining smoky quartz
|
Cairgorm Mountains of Scotland
|
1405
|
|
|
primary treatment for morganite
|
almost always heat treated, undetectable; stable and won't fade
|
640
|
|
|
principle source for black jade
|
Guatemala
|
1032
|
|
|
principle source for top quality jadeite
|
Myanmar
|
1031
|
|
|
Producers use ... methods to synthesize emeralds.
|
flux and hydrothermal
|
1314
|
|
|
Rank three layers of topaz color market.
|
three types - imperial (pink and red); less valuable yellow, orange, and brown gems; colorless or greenish gems that are converted to blue
|
629
|
|
|
Recent years have seen an increase in the supply of …(2) sapphires from East Africa.
|
yellow and orange
|
771
|
|
|
red beryl, yO to oR spessartite garnet, kunzite (spodumene), morganite beryl, malaya garnet, rhodonite. Blue apatite
|
gems colored by manganese
|
56
|
|
|
red spinel, ruby, pink sapphire, pink topaz, jadeite, demantoid garnet, chrome pyrope, chrome diopside, alexandrite, emerald
|
gems colored by chromium
|
52
|
|
|
ropaz, iolite, tanzanite (zoisite), chrysoberyl, peridot
|
orthorhombic (5)
|
313
|
|
|
Source of best andalusite?
|
Brazil - best hues; dark green body color and a rare rose-red bodycolor
|
605
|
|
|
Spessartite is the most valuable ... and large, finequality stones sell at a premium.
|
orange garnet,
|
1190
|
|
|
sphene is also known as…
|
titanite
|
1129
|
|
|
Tanzania ruby host rock
|
marble hosted
|
501
|
|
|
tanzanite, tsavorite garnet (w/ some chromium), green grossularite garnet, green tourmaline crystals (w/ some chromium), chrome tourmaline, some color change garnets (w/ chromium), color change, pyrope spessartite, some emeralds,
|
gems colored by vanadium
|
53
|
|
|
The ... is the world’s major commercial source of imperial and red topaz.
|
Ouro Prêto area of Brazil
|
243
|
|
|
The most prized labradorite type is ... a phenomenal labradorite with brilliant spectral hues.
|
“spectrolite,”
|
1077
|
|
|
The US state of Utah is the world’s only known source of ...
|
red beryl
|
253
|
|
|
Three main elements in tanzanite, plus color element
|
silica, calcium, and aluminum - color change vanadium
|
539
|
|
|
top minine for aquamarine
|
Brazile
|
682
|
|
|
Tourmalines are silicates that share 3 elements.
|
a group of closely related mineral species that share the same crystal structure, but slightly different chemical and physical properties Tourmaline are silicates that share ALUMINUM, BORON, and FLUORINE (optionally, sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, titanium, copper, iron)
|
820
|
|
|
Traces of ... cause red beryl’s color.
|
manganese
|
252
|
|
|
Trade name for pink to red elbaite tourmaline.
|
Rubellite
|
109
|
|
|
Trade term for a vibrant green tourmaline that’s colored by traces of vanadium, chromium, or both.
|
Chrome tourmaline
|
104
|
|
|
treatment (1) red beryl
|
fracture filled; NOT heat treated
|
672
|
|
|
treatment for fluorite
|
dark heated to make attrative blue color
|
1098
|
|
|
treatments for peridot
|
NO treatments
|
873
|
|
|
Treatments - iolite
|
none
|
569
|
|
|
treatments (2) for ametrine
|
heat treatment or combo of heat treatment and irradiation
|
1408
|
|
|
treatments for kunzite
|
rosy color from colorless or light-colored spodumene from irradiation; can still fade
|
787
|
|
|
treatments for sphene
|
none
|
1133
|
|
|
Tsavorite is mined mostly in …
|
East Africa
|
1185
|
|
|
Two countries that generally don't need heat treatment for rubies
|
Madagascar, Malawi
|
503
|
|
|
two effects of heat treatment on smoky quartz
|
heat treatment turns it to "lemon quartz"; can also lighten very dark smoky quartz
|
1404
|
|
|
two main treatments for topaz
|
heating radiation
|
617
|
|
|
two treatments for helidor
|
heat treatment (some don't work; some turn aquamarine color); finest left untreated; irradiated
|
648
|
|
|
two treatments for pink and red tourmaline?
|
strong pink gems often irradiated near colorless or pale pink, yellow or brown material; indetectable; low temp heat treatment can remove brownish tint
|
858
|
|
|
two treatments for yellow orange sapphire
|
irradiation, but not sable color; heat treatment (brighten hues and increase saturation)
|
1481
|
|
|
Type of gem - hiddenite
|
spodumene
|
781
|
|
|
Type of gem - kunzite
|
spodumene
|
783
|
|
|
Type of gem - triphane
|
spodumene
|
782
|
|
|
type of gem - malocolite
|
diopside
|
799
|
|
|
Type of gem - spodumene
|
pyroxene group (cousin of Jadeite)
|
765
|
|
|
type of gem - voiolane
|
diopside
|
796
|
|
|
Virtually all ... zircons have been treated.
|
blue and colorless
|
1350
|
|
|
What are 3 grades that Afghans recognize for lapis?
|
nili, asmani, sabzi
|
419
|
|
|
What are the 5 species of tourmaline?
|
species of tourmaline - elbaite, liddicoatite, dravite, uvite, schorl
|
827
|
|
|
What are the three calcium garnets?
|
Calcium garnets (uvarovite - chromium; andradite - iron; grossularite - aluminum)
|
882
|
|
|
What are the three minerals in unakite?
|
Granite containing quartz, pink feldspar, green epidote
|
471
|
|
|
What are the treatments for tourmaline?
|
HEATING - many blue and green are heat treated AFTER cut and polish (lightens and brightens) Gray paraibas are heat treated UNDETECTABLE unless liquid inclusions IRRADIATION - colors can fade; can turn solid green material into colorful mix of green and red
|
825
|
|
|
What color does Brazil and Sri Lanka produce for topaz?
|
colorless
|
623
|
|
|
what color is andradite?
|
yellow
|
999
|
|
|
What color is imperial topaz?
|
imperial topaz - medium reddish orange to orange red color
|
609
|
|
|
What color is non-phenomenal labradorite?
|
colorless or pale yellow
|
753
|
|
|
what color quartz is easily identified as synthetic or treated?
|
blue quartz
|
1413
|
|
|
What color topaz does asia favor?
|
pink and red
|
625
|
|
|
What color topaz does Europe favor?
|
light yellows
|
627
|
|
|
What color topaz does Germany and Japan favor?
|
imperial topaz; easily broken
|
628
|
|
|
What color topaz does Ghudo Hill in Katlang Pakistan produce?
|
pink to red
|
622
|
|
|
what colors color change corundum
|
vanadium
|
1485
|
|
|
What colors green and blue tourmaline?
|
iron
|
848
|
|
|
What does spodumene mean?
|
"ashen" in greek
|
766
|
|
|
What element is necessary for topaz to become pink?
|
chromium
|
620
|
|
|
What gem means"mixed gems" in sinhalese?
|
tourmaline
|
817
|
|
|
What gem was discovered in 1897 by Maynard Bixby?
|
red beryl
|
665
|
|
|
what happens when amethyst is heat treated
|
heat treatment lightens color; WON'T make it darker
|
1388
|
|
|
What is a Burmese ruby?
|
Burmese - Mogok; finest region; medium tone; red to slightly purplish hue, vivid saturation; glowing red fluorsecence; minute inclusions give softness
|
510
|
|
|
What is a Ceylon/Sri Lanka ruby?
|
Ceylon & Sri Lanka - purplish to pinkest red and med to v ligh in tone; absorbe less light; brighter; more pink sapphires
|
512
|
|
|
What is a Thai/Pailin ruby?
|
Thail & Pailin - pure red to brownish red to purplish red hue med dk to very dk; no fluoresence; black extinction; aka Thai or mud rubies
|
511
|
|
|
What is a type of pyrite; unstable crystalline form of iron and disulphide?
|
marcasite
|
470
|
|
|
what is another name for carnelian?
|
kornel cherry
|
1434
|
|
|
What is another word for iolite?
|
cordierite
|
566
|
|
|
What is chrysolite?
|
yellow chrysoberyl
|
581
|
|
|
What is color range of imperial topaz?
|
medium reddish orange to orange red; Brazil says it includes yellow; widely varies
|
631
|
|
|
what is morion
|
Morion - very dark smoky quartz; mourning jewelry of late Victorian period
|
1406
|
|
|
What is semi-black opal?
|
Grayish background, trasnlucent to opaque The best examples should appear semitrasnlucent when held up to light
|
720
|
|
|
What is the crystal habit of labradorite?
|
triclinic
|
752
|
|
|
what is the top selling yellow to orange gem
|
citrine
|
1399
|
|
|
what kind of garnet is a color change garnet?
|
pyrope-spessarite garnet
|
1018
|
|
|
what kind of garnet is a mandarin garnet?
|
spessartite garnet
|
995
|
|
|
What kind of garnet is almandite
|
aluminum garnet (iron); often combined with pyrope
|
944
|
|
|
what kind of garnet is andradite?
|
calcium garnet (iron)
|
952
|
|
|
what kind of garnet is demantoid
|
andradite garnet
|
981
|
|
|
what kind of garnet is hessonite?
|
grossularite garnet
|
975
|
|
|
What kind of garnet is spessartite?
|
aluminum garnet (manganese)
|
938
|
|
|
what kind of garnets are African or Mozambique garnets?
|
pyrope-almandine garnets
|
996
|
|
|
What kind of gem is chiastolite?
|
andalusite
|
607
|
|
|
What kind of gem is morganite?
|
beryl
|
636
|
|
|
what kind of gem is rhodolite?
|
pyrope and almandite garnet combo
|
958
|
|
|
what kind of gem is tapazolite?
|
garnet
|
997
|
|
|
What three components color red and pink tourmaline?
|
manganese, some titanium, some color centers
|
855
|
|
|
What tourmaline can rival the green hues of tsavorite garnet and even emerals?
|
chrome tourmaline
|
834
|
|
|
What two elements can contribute to chrome tourmaline?
|
vanadium of chromium
|
835
|
|
|
What two feldspar species combine to be moonstone?
|
combo of two feldspar species - albite & orthoclase (create layers during cooling)
|
745
|
|
|
what was marketed in the 1990s as an alternative to tourmaline?
|
apatite
|
1089
|
|
|
What year did blue topaz hit the market?
|
1970s
|
635
|
|
|
When did Chrome tourmaline hit the market?
|
1960s
|
833
|
|
|
Where and when was alexandrite discovered?
|
discovered in 1830 in Ural Mountains in Russia; few color change stones are as dramatic
|
573
|
|
|
where and when were malaya garnets found?
|
found in 1960s in Tanzania
|
991
|
|
|
Where doe the finest topaz come from?
|
Brazil
|
624
|
|
|
Where is moonstone mined primarily?
|
Sri Lanka
|
749
|
|
|
where was demantoid discovered
|
Russia's Ural Mountains
|
980
|
|
|
Which color of spessartite is most valued
|
"aurora red" most valued - highly sat slightly reddish hue with med to med dark tone
|
937
|
|
|
world's largest producer of small commercial quality aquamarine
|
china
|
683
|
|
|
zircon
|
tetragonal (1) |
310 |
