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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A system of lifelong work
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Some of the early black arrivals to Jamestown would later not only become land owners, but slave owners as well. And, only a few decades would pass after the arrival of Africans in 1619 before the laws of the colony of Virginia created the institution of slavery and defined it as a THIS
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Natural increase
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In the Tidewater region of the Chesapeake, slavery grew considerably in the 18th century. 80,000 Africans were imported to Virginia and Maryland between 1700 and 1770. But a greater number developed by THIS, meaning slave couples producing children of their own.
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Tobacco
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In the Tidewater region, many slaves worked in THESE fields; it was the region’s cash crop, It grew as short, brown plants which were highly susceptible to weeds. Slaves spent many hours engaged in back-breaking labor, such as hoeing weeds
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Eliza Lucas Pinckney/Indigo
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By the 1740s, another crop became important in South Carolina when it was introduced by THIS young South Carolina woman. She was the daughter of a plantation owning British army officer; known for her agricultural experiments on her father’s plantation, testing the possibilities of growing ginger, flax, cotton, even silk; her introduction of THIS plant was her greatest success; it was a bushy plant which produced little sausage shaped pods from which growers cold extract a deep blue dye; three years after Eliza’s introduction of the plant, South Carolina exported 100,000 pounds of it
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Seven North American regions
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1) Native America 2) Spanish America 3) French Northlands 4) New England 5) Middle Colonies 6) the South 7) the Frontier Backcountry
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Three European powers
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Spain/France/Great Britain
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St. Augustine/ Pensacola
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Only a handful of significant outposts were still in Spanish hands, including THIS on the Atlantic coast, where the old Spanish fortress San Marco remained dominant, and THIS on the Gulf of Mexico
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New Mexico
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2000 miles away, far to the west, the Spanish were still the dominate European power HERE, but the region was a poor one, and it was regularly ignored by the Spanish authorities ruling from Mexico city, located 1000 miles south; one reason for the relative poverty of this place was the extreme control of the region by Mexico City officials
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Horse
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By the 1680s, southern plains tribes had gained access to THIS through the Spanish, often by stealing them; it changed Plains life by allowing the tribes of the vast region of grasslands to develop the horse and buffalo culture for which they became known to Americas moving west in the 1800s
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Presidios/Franciscan missions/Father Eusebio Kino/Calilfornia/Father Junipero Serra
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To counter the threat of a French presence along the lower Mississippi river, the Spanish, by the early 1700s, built a chain of military posts, called THIS in Louisiana
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The French Crescent
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While the English colonies were connected to one another, all hugging the Atlantic Coast, the French had established settlements from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico; in fact, they occupied a cultural region known as THIS; it was stretched from the modern-day maritime provinces of eastern Canada inland, following the St. Lawrence River, to the Great Lakes region. It turned sharply south below Lake Michigan following the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico
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Economy of New England
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Fur trade,Fishing,Farming
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Fort Detroit/ Metis
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A good example of a New France community was THIS located between the Great Lakes of Huron and Erie; was a military outpost with a sotckaded town; French authorities operated the community which included trading posts, several stores, and a catholic church; about 100 families of French and THIS, those who had both French and Indian blood, lived in the community where they farmed along the Detroit River
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Fishing/ Acadia
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THIS had always been the basis of the French economy in the eastern region of Canada; the maritime settlement of THIS was home to fishermen and farmers; inland, fur trappers and traders, the coureurs de bois and the voyageurs, continued to tap the rich source of furs in and around the Great Lakes
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Louisiana
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At the mouth of the Mississippi, the French had established a slave colony called THIS, where sugar plantations sprang up
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The Catholic Church/Bishopric of Quebec
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THIS maintained a significant presence in New France; THIS was established in 1674, Jesuit missionaries moved further and further into the Canadian interior, taking Christianity to the Native Americans
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Anglicans
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But the divisions among the Puritans did not immediately lead even the dissidents to accept other religious believers, such as Baptists, or THESE, those within the Church of England, or the Society of Friends, known as the Quakers; for many years, in colonial New England, such groups were regularly persecuted and hounded by Puritans
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The Toleration Act
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The English Parliament passed THIS which upheld that no government of any state had the right to determine what religion was appropriate and that all church beliefs are voluntary; this meant that the government could not force its citizens to practice any singular religion
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Declension
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Puritan congregations experienced declining membership (ministers referred to this trend as THIS). The regular attendance at worship services fell off with each new generation of New England Puritans. Pat of the problem lay in the change of status of Puritanism in the colonies, and after the founding of Plymouth and the Massachusetts Bay Colony everyone in the colony was expected to be a member without having experienced a personal conversion to Puritanism
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The “Half-Way Covenant”
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A doctrine called THIS, created in 1662, tried to fix the problem by allowing members’ unconverted children to join as half way members, who were denied the taking of communion, but were allowed to experience baptism, considered necessary for salvation and church membership
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Congregationalism
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The Puritan church, known by the late 1600s as THIS, received financial support from the Massachusetts colonial government until 1833, but by the early decades of the 1700s, Quakers, Anglicans, Baptists, Presbyterians, and others had established churches in many New England towns and villages
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Shipping
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As coastal communities, THIS had always been important to colonial life in New England; New England this to the West Indies had begun to develop as an important aspect of the New England economy
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Spermaceti
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Shipping exports were bound for the West Indies, these ships carried whale related products such as oil and THIS, a waxy substance found in the whale’s head which made supberb candles
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Cartmen
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The THESE, colonial America’s answer to the modern urban delivery men, wove in and out of other horse-drawn traffic, sometimes racing other carters, with all parties typically swearing loudly as they sped down the main thoroughfares of the cities; accidents were plentiful, and, in winter, sleighs regularly crashed into one another
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Justices of the peace
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Farmers who owned their own property elected their own local government officials including THESE, which helped create tight bonds between neighbors
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The Middle Colonies
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New York/Pennsylvania/Delaware/New Jersey
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The Appalachians/The Fall Line
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The rivers flowed to the east because of the mountain range called THIS. These low lying mountains, actually a series of ridges, cut across the colonies diagonally from New York through Georgia; the land to the east of this slopes abruptly, creating a natural landform called THIS; the line can be found running from New York City to Atlanta, Georgia. The line is marked by rapids and waterfalls; it also serves as the furthest point inland that an ocean-going vessel of the period could travel upstream
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The Chesapeake/Tidewater South and the Lower South/Virginia and Maryland/The Carolinas and Georgia
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By the mid-1700s, the British colonial south was comprised of these two regions
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Piedmont
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While early settlement in the region had been along the Atlantic seaboard, by the 1700s, people had not only filled in the coastal landscape, but they had moved inland, following the rivers upstream, arriving in the great valley lands of THIS, a rich farming country just east of the Appalachian Mountain chain
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Slave quarters/The big house
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Slaves provided the work forces; such laborers lived in primitive wooden cabins with a dirt floor; such shacks were cold in winter and hot in the summer; several families might occupy the small cabin; such THIS were a clear contrast to the sprawling mansion where the master and his family lived, slaves referred to such a home as
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Common/town schools/English or Petty schools
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It wasn’t until the establishment of THSE that a large number of young students were able to attend a school or any kind; also known as THIS or THIS, students studied reading, writing, and arithmetic
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Hornbooks
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Students practiced their letters and did their numbers on THIS; it was a small bard with a handle with a sheet of paper placed over the board; students did not directly on the paper, instead, the paper was covered with a thin layer of horn that was nearly transparent; students wrote on the horn, keeping the paper clean
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Free schools
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By the early 1700s, South Carolina created THIS which were open to all children, expect those whose parents were slaves; they did not include grades
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Harvard
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Colleges were established early in the colonial period; the first was THIS, founded in Massachusetts in 1636; the purpose of its education was to train ministers, by 1651, this Puritan school boasted 50 students
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The College of William and Mary
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In 1693, THIS first college in the South was established in Williamsburg, Virginia; a tobacco tax provided money for its operation
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Yale
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THIS in New Haven, Connecticut; he founded it after failing to become president of Harvard; by the mid 1700s
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King’s College
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THIS in New York was founded, which later became Columbia University; chartered to allow students of all religious beliefs, one of the college’s trustees was a Jewish rabbi
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Mercantilism/Adam Smith
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From 1500-the next two centuries, every European government followed an economic policy known as this, but this term wasn’t coined until 1776 by THIS English economist
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Favorable balance of trade
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In practical terms, the policy results in an expansion of national wealth by discouraging imports and encouraging exports, today economists refer to this policy result as this; the export is greater than the import; the English government while pursuing this allowed English immigrants to establish colonies in America so those colonies would import goods from England; the expectation was that these colonists would become consumers and rely on English markets to provide them with their needs
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The Navigation Acts
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Parliament passed regulatory laws limiting the colonies ability to trade with other nations; such laws began to cause a drag on the economies of many of the colonies; such laws were embodied in THIS passed by Parliament beginning the1660s; English merchants pressured Parliament and the king to pass laws preventing the profits from colonial trade from going to foreign powers such as they Dutch, French, and Spanish; these of 1660 and 1663 outlawed all trade with the English colonies except in ships owned and constructed in the colonies or in England, also banned transportation from the colonies to any place expect England or English colonies
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Duty
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A later Navigation Act of 1673 required ship captains to pay a THIS or import tax for loading specified goods in America; such acts taxed colonial exports, provided revenue for England, and hurt the colonies
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Council
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In most colonies, a THIS which was either elected or appointed, provided advice for the colonial governor; in some colonies, these served as the high court of the colony; in time, they developed into the upper house of the colonial legislature, while a lower house composed of representatives elected by white male voters provided representation for the colony’s specific districts
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Consent
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In some colonies, government received its power from the THIS of the people in the colonies, a concept which lies at the heart of the democratic government
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New Hampshire/Massachusetts/New Jersey/Carolinas
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THESE was one of the first to be declared a royal colony
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New England/The Dominion of New England/Sir Edmund Andros
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The most drastic changes occurred HERE in the late 1680s; England cracked down there, because these shippers often avoided English trade laws smuggling, and the Puritan continued to practice religious tolerance; in 1686, the charters of all the colonies from New Jersey to Maine were revoked and THIS established, with the appointment of HIM as they royal governor; he dissolved all colonial assemblies; he was hated by New Englanders everywhere and became the target of a colonial overthrow
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The “Old Lights”/The “New Lights”
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Early colonial America had witnessed the significance of such groups as the Puritans and Anglicans and Quakers, but, by the 1700s, new religious sects were rising in importance; this led to the division among American Protestants
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The Great Awakening/George Whitefield/Jonathan Edwards
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At the hands of the New Lights, America experienced a widespread religious movement in the 1730s and 40s called THIS; this religious movement was intended to evangelize and rekindle the fires of faith in others; one of the significant preachers of this movement was THIS Englishman; during one whirlwind revival, he preached in nearly every American colony, preaching the necessity of being born again in Christ; his emotional appeal and great speaking skill swayed thousands; Another minister was HIM who preached against spiritual coldness and caused his listeners to tremble as he delivered sermons reminding his listeners that God’s mercy saves mankind from “hell’s wide gaping mouth”
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The War of the League of Augsburg/King Williams War/Treaty of Ryswick
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European wars were simply extension of conflicts which first began in Europe then spread overseas, involving colonists in the New World, one such conflict began in Europe called THIS or THIS
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The War of the Spanish Succession/Queen Anne’s War/Treaty of Utrecht
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Another war in Europe called THIS; in this conflict, France and Spain fought England and its allies. The American part was called THIS after the English monarch; During the conflict, South Carolinians invaded Spanish settlements in Florida, burning St. Augustine; in retaliation, a combined French and Spanish fleet bombarded Charleston; the English emerged victorious, under THIS England gained control of French Acadia, Newfoundland, and Hudson’s Bay
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The War of Jenkins’s Ear/The War of the Austrian Succession/King George’s War/Louisburg
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War in 1739 in the Caribbean; the conflict between England and Spain was first referred to as THIS, it was named for an English sea captain who had an ear cut off by Spanish officials in the Caribbean
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The Ohio River Country
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By the 1700s, more and more colonists were moving west, the 1750s, France and England were at odds with one another over a significant land portion of territory, THIS; this interior region of North America lay west of the Appalachians, south of the Great Lakes to the Ohio River, many rivers flowed into it, much of the land was rich farming country and portions of it constituted a hunter’s paradise; English and French had come to tap the area for its abundance in furs, rivalry over the fertile river valley, another war
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Marquis Duquesne
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Virginians attempting to entice settlers to migrate over the Appalachians, settle in Ohio Valley, counter this challenge, French built forts under orders from THIS governor general of New France
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Monongahela and the Allegheny
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The linch pin of the region was the site of the source of the Ohio River; the river is formed by the joining of THESE two rivers, situated in western Pennsylvania, both sides understood whoever controlled the Ohio would have dominance over access to the region; building of forts began
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Robert Dinwiddle
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Lt. Governor of Virginia received orders from England to deliver a message to the French, demanding they stop encroaching on land claimed by the British
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George Washington
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21 year old colonial officer to carry to official papers to the French, he was chosen because he had traveled through the region as a surveyor’s apprentice
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Fort Le Beouf
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fort where he was politely received by the French, but they answered that they were not prepared to leave the Ohio region; the French were already building
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Fort Duquesne
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fort at the source of the Ohio River, Washington sent back to wilderness to take some militia men and occupy the fort on the Ohio
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Half-King
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While on his way to the headwaters of the Ohio, Washington encountered THIS Delaware sachem and a small group of warriors. He informed Washington that 1000 French Canadians were already building Fort Duquesne. Hated the French, claiming they had boiled and eaten his father, told him of nearby presence of 32 French soldiers, Washington decided to attack; nearly all French taken prisoner, but Indians began scalping prisoners; the SACHEM himself struck down Joseph Colon
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Joseph Colon
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leader of the French party, the Sieur de Jumonville with a war club, killing him instantly; 10 Frenchmen lay dead; Washington halted the murders of 22 French, SACHEM and warriors offended by his actions, abandoned them without scouts
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Albany
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To bolster their strength, several English colonies began cooperating; in the summer of 1754, representatives from Pennsylvania, Maryland, New York, and the New England colonies met together HERE to discuss working together and to convince the Iroquois Indians to help them in their struggle against the French
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Ben Franklin
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delegate from Pennsylvania was one of the most famous men in the colonies, suggested a blueprint for cooperation called The Albany Plan of Union
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The Albany Plan of Union
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the proposal suggested that the colonies form a council with the power to tax all the colonies; this intercolonial council would have been the first of its kind in the English colonies of North America; were able to convince the Mohawks of the Iroquois Confederacy to join them against the French, it was rejected, not ready to cooperate as colonies and surrender independence
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Edward Braddock
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War was approaching, British delivered several thousand British troops to America to fight the French, and those troops arrived under HIS general command that arrived in Virginia in February 1755; was a veteran of traditional European warfare, no experience with THIS fighting
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Forrest fighting
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the “Indian” style of combat which the French and American colonists had long become accustomed
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Edward Braddock
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British general set out into the wilderness to capture French Fort Duquesne, commanded 1400 British and 450 Virginia militiamen
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Braddock’s March
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Didn’t have a significant number of Indian scouts and guides, cut a road where none existed, much noise, surprising the French was out of the question; French knew they couldn’t defend the fort
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Thomas Gage
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British lieutenant colonel, made a mistake and sent troops along winding snakelike Indian trail with each man behind the other, French waiting, surprise attack, General keep men in open
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Battle of the Wilderness
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first major fight of the French and Indian War
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The French and Indian War
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war would continue to go badly for the British after their loss in the wilderness; over the next year, the French and their Indian allies attacked English settlements all along the frontier; the French furether entrenched themselves, fortifying their new forts
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Fort Saint Frederec/ Fort Carillon
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On Lake Champlain, the French erected THIS fort which featured strong stone walls, a four-story bombproof tower, and 40 cannons. On the north end of Lake George, the French had occupied THIS fort later called Fort Ticonderoga by the British; thousands of French troops occupied such fortress sites
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Lord Loudoun / Louis Montcalm
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By 1756 the British sent HIM to the colonies to lead the fight against the French; in the meantime, the French sent one of their best generals to Canada, THIS seasoned commander who was slightly built, a rather short general, but a man of grace, body covered with war scars; He and his troops and their Indian allies began attacking a series of British forts
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Fort William Henry
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The French laid siege to THIS fort on Lake George in Northern New York; a major British stronghold, stood above the lake, commanding a landscape, walls thirty feet thick made of pine logs on the inside and outside of the fort, filled with earth and sand, 30 ft wide ditch
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Fort Edward
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second British outpost was built 10 miles away with a wide road connecting the two strongholds
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Montcalm
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French commander had 2500 French men ready to attack; surrendered
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Henry Monro
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colonel had 1500 men, siege began, British knew doomed unless reinforcements arrived from the fort
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Daniel Webb
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commander of the FORT simply locked himself in his fort
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The Massacre at Fort William Henry
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When the French allowed the British to leave Fort William Henry unharmed, the Indians were angered, lost chance for prisoners and taking prizes of war, British began march to Fort Edward, attacked by Indians, killed 60/70 before French able to restore order, THIS was soon told throughout the colonies
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William Pitt/Great Commoner
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new prime minister of Great Britian came to power in 1757, favorite of the ppl often called THIS. Made immediate changes in England’s pursuit and strategies in French and Indian war, wanted complete acquisition of French Canada including ultimate control of Ohio Country
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Jeffrey Amherst
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Pitt found the most capable military leaders and dispatched them to the Americas he was responsible for victories of taking forts
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Saint Lawrence
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was one such general, brought the English victories, forces captured Fort Louisbourg and Fort Frontenac, gave English control of both ends
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Montreal
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later captured the only remaining key French stronghold in the battle of Quebec
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John Forbes/ Fort Pitt
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British forces turned toward Fort Duquesne at the headquarters of the Ohio River, THIS general led four companies of Royal Americans on the campaign; British approached, French burned fort, English rebuilt it and named it THIS in honor of their prime minister
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Montreal and Quebec
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Campaign of English take control of Forts, Lord Amherst took no quarter with French allied Indians in retaliation for Indian Massacre at Fort William Henry; victories left THESE two significant French military sites intact, both located on the Saint Lawrence
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James Wolfe
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British general given command of troops to march against French stronghold
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Quebec
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relatively young but solid leader; this place was a prize awaiting the British because commanded the Saint Lawrence, strategically placed, impregnable with riverside bluff
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Sir Charles Saunders
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British admiral was able to bring 11 ships past this place with the British control of the river; he realized men could scale bluffs and conquer bluff
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Battle for Quebec
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battle was typical European encounter, march in columns, British in red French in white, French retreat, both men died of wounds, English victory
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