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30 Cards in this Set

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Conquistadores

1500s-1700s


Conquistadors is a term used to refer to the soldiers and explorers of the Spanish Empire or the Portuguese Empire in a general sense. During the Age of Discovery, conquistadors sailed beyond Europe to the Americas, Oceania, Africa and Asia, conquering territory and opening trade routes. They colonized much of the world for Spain and Portugal in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.

La Florida

1513 & 1565


Spanish Florida was established in 1513, when Juan Ponce de León claimed peninsular Florida for Spain during the first official European expedition to North America. This claim was enlarged as several explorers (most notably Pánfilo Narváez and Hernando de Soto) landed near Tampa Bay in the mid-1500s.The presidio of St. Augustine was founded on Florida's Atlantic coast in 1565.

Pueblo Revolt

1680


The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 was an uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, present day New Mexico. The Pueblo Revolt killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province. Twelve years later the Spanish returned and were able to reoccupy New Mexico with little opposition.

Quebec

1608


Founded because it was a good harbor right where the St. Lawrence river narrowed. Fortified trading post was built in 1608. In 1627, it contained all of the colonists in New France: 85 men. The men at Quebec relied on the Montagnais, Algonquin, and Huron.

Iroquois Great League

When a family member died, they would kidnap someone from another tribe to “replace” them. Elderly women chose women and children to be adopted into the tribe while men were tortured and eaten by the whole village. The Beaver Wars between the Iroquois (backed by France’s enemies) and France ended in France taking the economic achievement of controlling fur trade in the St. Lawrence Valley. The Five Nations gathered to make condolence ceremonies to prevent revenge killings but retained their autonomy in the Great League.

Roanoke

1585-1590


In 1585 Sir Walter Ralegh sent 100 colonists to settle in Roanoke, NC. They relied on the local Indians for food but overstayed their welcome then pushed them away by killing their leader. The colonists then abandoned Roanoke. Ralegh tried again in 1587 with a leader named John White. In 1588-1589 John White went to England for supplies and when he returned in 1590, Roanoke was mysteriously abandoned.

Powhatan

1607-1618


Ruled 24,000 Indians in 30 tribes. Spoke the Algonquin language. Lived in Werowocomoco on the York River and rules through diplomacy and intimidation. He was known to the English as “powerfully understanding”. He was counselled by a group of veterans and shaans. He took wives from villages he conquered and wove a familiar identity into them to unite his chiefdom. Organized large scale hunts yearly to unite warriors who previously feuded. Meeting the English in 1607 he hoped to contain them and take rule over them. He staged a mock execution planned to be stopped by his daughter Pocahontas as a way to have John Smith as a smaller chief, but Smith understood it as a real execution. His favorite daughter Pocahontas was captured and converted by the English and died from disease soon after. He died a year later in 1618.

John Winthrop

1629-1649


John Winthrop was an English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in founding the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Winthrop led the first large wave of immigrants from England in 1630 and served as governor for 12 of the colony's first 20 years. Between 1629 and his death in 1649, he served 19 annual terms as governor or lieutenant-governor and was a force of comparative moderation in the religiously conservative colony. He resisted attempts to widen voting and other civil rights beyond a narrow class of religiously approved individuals. The authoritarian and religiously conservative nature of Massachusetts rule was influential in the formation of neighboring colonies, which were formed in some instances by individuals and groups opposed to the rule of the Massachusetts elders.

Great Migration

1620-1665


102 Separatists called the Puritans founded a town called Plymouth in 1620. By 1630 the town was prospering with 1500 colonists. In 1630 a larger Great Migration led by John Winthrop established a self governing republic called the Massachusetts Bay colony. They founded Boston and their starving time was 1630-1632, much shorter than in the Chesapeake. By 1640 they expanded into New Hampshire and Maine, mingling with regular Anglican fishermen. Radical Puritans settled around the Narragansett Bay and Rhode Island. Connecticut and New Haven were settled by conservative Puritans. Massachusetts has 20,000 of the regions 30,000 by 1660. Due to absorption and governing, there were four colonies by 1665: MA, CO, NH, and RI.

Barbados

1620s-1630s


In the late sixteenth century unofficial pirates would wreak havoc on the West Indies. Pirates would stay and recoup in the Lesser Antilles since the Spanish were occupied with Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico. During the 1620s and 1630s, the English established colonies in the Carribean. The Dutch and French had very little presence in the Carribean. By the mid seventeenth century, most of the English West Indians lived in Barbados. There were no Caribs living in Barbados and plenty of pigs and farmland. It was located safety away from wars between empire islands. White servants were treated like slaves, whipped and executed.

Rice

1690s


The Carolinas needed a staple crop. They were too north for sugar and the Chesapeake dominated the tobacco industry. Livestock thrived there so they initially competed with New England. The Carolinas were England’s leaders in tar production and cattle livestock. Black slaves were given autonomy, guns, no supervision, and were freed if they defended their masters. In the 1690s, rice began to become the main crop as it thrived in the Carolinas. In the 1750s, indigo became the Carolinas’ secondary crop. South Carolina elite became even more fancy than the gentlemen of Virginia. Rice needed a lot of workers so slave demand was high. Due to disease, the mortality rate of slaves was higher than the birth rate and therefore importing slaves became a large industry.

Georgia Trustees

1733-1751


A group of London philanthropists named the Georgia Trustees helped found the colony of Georgia south and west of the Savannah river. Until 1752 the colonists were funded by British taxpayers, afterwards the colonists paid their own way to Georgia. In 1733 James Oglethorpe of of the Trustees founded Savannah, then Ebenezer for Lutherans, then Highland Scots to fortify against Spanish raids. The Trustees wanted smaller farms worked on by white families instead of the Carolina system. Georgia developed an anti-slavery policy that helped them catch any runaways from Carolina. Trustees also banned liquor and lawyers, appointing a small council to run the colony. In the 1730s-1740s, liquor and lawyers were allowed again but not slavery like the colonists wanted. In 1751 the Trustees surrendered the colony to the crown and therefore Georgia got slavery.

Fort Nassau/Fort Orange

1614-1655


In 1614 on the upper Hudson, the Dutch founded Fort Orange and a village caller Beverwyck. In 1625 the Dutch founded New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island. Between the settlements were many farms that supplied the towns and the Dutch West Indies. Along the upper Hudson the Dutch got along with the Indians, but on the lower Hudson and Long Island they wanted them gone. The Dutch made no effort to convert Indians. In 1639 the Dutch West Indian Company opened fur trade to all colonists. In 1639 the governor Willem Kieft allowed a slaughter of Indians in Manhattan that was retaliated with the burning of Dutch farms around New Amsterdam and the deaths of many colonists, including Anne Hutchinson. In 1644 the Dutch employed New Englander captain John Underhill to help massacre the Algonquin Indians. This deterred emigrants from going to New Netherlands. In 1637 a former governor of New Netherlands named Peter Minuit founded New Sweden with the building of Fort Christina along the Delaware. In 1643 the Dutch sold New Sweden to the Swedish crown and Sweden sent Swedish and Finnish settlers to farm there. In September 1655 governor Pieter Stuyvesant took over New Sweden and took in the Swedish and Finnish farmers.

Covenant Chain

The English and Iroquois created this chain so that the Five Nations could bully weaker Indians for English and Iroquois benefit.

Dominion of New England

1686-1689


James wanted more power over the Colonies so he consolidated New England, New York, and New Jersey into the Dominion of New England. He appointed military men in charge of it. He appointed Edmund Andros to be governor-general. Andros restricted town meetings to one a year, put the Supreme Court in Boston, and tried to defunct Puritanism. He raised taxes significantly to pay his salary. He required quitrents for colonists to pay for their land rights. In 1687 Reverend John Wise tried to protest and was put down and fined by Andros. In 1686 he created a new court with no jury that condemned six merchant ships and depressed the economy and colonists even further.

Jacob Liesler

1689-1691


Became governor of New York after leading the rebellion that sent Nicholson back to England. He was a German immigrant and devout Calvinist who hated Catholics and Anglicans. He was in over his head and made many enemies by having no political experience and arresting his critics. His only subjects were the Dutch in England who used Leisler and the Dutch-born William III to regain their culture.

Middle Passage

The Middle Passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade. Ships departed Europe for African markets with manufactured goods, which were traded for purchased or kidnapped Africans. The "Middle Passage" was considered a time of in-betweenness for those being traded from Africa to America. Traders from the Americas and Caribbean received the enslaved Africans. An estimated 15% of the Africans died at sea.

Negro Election Day

1741-15th Amendment Ratification


The Negro Election Day Festival began in 1741 in several towns of New England as part of the local election of the black representative of that community. The festival incorporated aspects of West African culture and ritualistic celebrations such as traditional dancing, African feasting and parades.The election process itself was unclear in its methods and was often conducted vocally or by debate rather than the Ballot system used by the white voters. The Election Day festivities held by their white counterparts did not appeal to the slave population due to the fact that they could not vote themselves. As part of this, they granted their slaves one day off to enjoy the festivities and to rejoice.

Walking Purchase

1737


The Walking Purchase was a 1737 agreement between the Penn family, the proprietors of Pennsylvania, and the Lenape. By it the Penn family and proprietors claimed an area of 1,200,000 acres and forced the Lenape to vacate it. The Lenape appeal to the Iroquois for aid on the issue was refused.

Samson Occom

The Reverend Samson Occom was a member of the Mohegan nation, from near New London, Connecticut, who became a Presbyterian cleric. Occom was the first Native American to publish his writings in English, and also helped found several settlements, including what ultimately became known as the Brothertown Indians. Together with the missionary John Eliot, Occom became one of the foremost missionaries who cross-fertilised Native American communities with Christianized European culture.

George Whitefield

1739-1741


An English Anglican minister that conflicted with the Church of England. In 1739 he began to gather crowds in England as an emotional speaker. Colonists learned of him and he went to America and toured from Maine to Georgia in 1739-1741. He made friends with rationalist Benjamin Franklin in 1739 Philadelphia. He was less effective in the suspicious and Anglican south. In 1740 he drew twenty thousand people in Boston during his farewell speech. In 1741 Whitefield returned to England and Evangelicals sparked the Great Awakening by keeping his sermons up. The local churches from 1741-1742 added an average of sixty six new members.

Consumer Revolution

The term Consumer revolution refers to the period from approximately 1600 to 1750 in England in which there was a marked increase in the consumption and variety of "luxury" goods and products by individuals from different economic and social backgrounds. The consumer revolution marked a departure from the traditional mode of life that was dominated by frugality and scarcity to one of increasingly mass consumption in society.

Seven Years' War

1754-1763 (1756-1763)


Main oppositions were Britain and France (with Spain and Indians). War took place spanning North America, Europe, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. Ended with Great Britain winning.

William Pitt

1756-176


1Unofficial leader in the Seven Years’ War with a strong determination to beat France. Appointed James Wolfe as second in command. Fort Duquesne was renamed Fort Pitt after him in 1758.

Treaty of Paris 1763

1763


Signed by Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal (agreement) in 1763 over Britain winning against France and Spain. Britain became the dominant power in the world and gained much of France’s possessions in North America.

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763-1764


War started by Indians who protested against British control after the Seven Years’ War. Named after leader of the Odawa named Pontiac. Eight forts and hundreds of colonists were attacked. In 1764 the British Army negotiated peace for two years.

Paxton Boys

1763-1764


A vigilante group of frontiersmen who attacked Indians in retaliation to the Seven Years’ War and Pontiac’s Rebellion. Caused the Conestoga Massacre where 21 Susquehennock died. Afterwards, 250 of them marched to Germantown in 1764 and dispersed when Benjamin Franklin promised to hear them out.

The new influx of new immigrants from Great Britain and Europe had the most significant impact on the development of colonial society.

1. Indians were further forced out beyond the Appalachians.


2. More support for the Paxton boys as frontiersmen grew.


3. Resources became more strained and expansion was needed.

The Seven Years' War was good for the British Empire.

1. They became the dominant power of the world.


2. They gained land from France.


3. British Army was acknowledged as dominant force in the Colonies.

I agree that the colonial period was a tragedy.

1. We saw the mass persecution and destruction of the Indians.


2. It first crippled then disrupted Britain with the Seven Years' War and the Revolution.


3. It only gave corrupt people room to gain more power.