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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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t/f
sympathetic preganglionic fibers are long |
f
short |
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sympathetic has ----- postganglionic fibers
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long
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sympathetic nerve s contain -------
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varicosity's
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each varicosity is a nerve ----- in which ---- can be released
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terminal
NE |
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where do you get your tyrosine from
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diet
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how is tyrosine converted to L DOPA
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via tyrosine hydroxylase
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L DOPA is changed converted to dopamine via
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aromatic L amino acid decarboxylase
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rate limiting step of the catcholamine synthesis
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tyrosine hydroxylase
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from tyrosine to L dopa what's added
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OH
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from L dopa to dopamine what's removed
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COOH
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where's is dopamine found
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substantia nigra
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dopamine to norepi.
what's the enzyme |
dopamine B hydroxylase
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what's added to dopamine to become norepi
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OH
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from norepi to epi
enzyme? |
PMNT
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What's added to norepi to become epi
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CH3
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t/f
tyrosine is goes in the cell body due to the change concentration gradient |
f
due to active transport |
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----- is taken up in to the vesicles to become norepi
what's contained inside the vesicles |
dopamine
dopamine B hydroxylase |
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t/f
epi is made inside the vesicles |
f
NE comes out of the vesicles and meets PMNT, then epi is made and it goes back in the vesicle |
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what activates the nerve impulse so the surface of the vesicle binds to the membrane
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Ca 2+ influx
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what 2 enzymes can inactive norepi
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COMT
MAO |
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t/f
a dopamine neuron will express dopamine B hydroxylase |
F
it will not if it's not going to be changed to norepi or epi |
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what two neurons will express Dopamine B hydroxylase
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norepi
epi |
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will a norpi neuron express PMNT
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no
only an epi will |
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t/f
the catecholamine synthesis occurs only in the neurons |
f
in both neurons and adrenal medulla |
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what releases epi
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adrenal medulla
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thru what method does DA get into the vesicle
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active transport
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t/f
once norepi is out of the cell body it can no longer be used |
f
it will go back into the vesicle, into a cell body. it will be reused. |
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3 ways in which norepi inactivated
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1. taken back into vesicles
2. enzymatically inactivated 3. Norepi binds to the A2 receptor/autoreceptor |
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t/f
only one enzyme is need to deactivate norpi |
f
both are needed |
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the enzymes need to deactivate norepi
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COMT
MAO |
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which inactivation enzyme is extracellular
how does it deactivate the norepi |
COMT
it adds replaces an OH w/ a CH3 |
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which enzyme replaces NH2 w/ a COOH
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MAO
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what occurs if there's too much norepi w/in the cell body, that's not in the vesicles
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mao will deactivate, it will leave, and comt will then replace the OH w/ a CH3
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what occurs if the norepi is in the synapse and it is to be enzymatically deactivated
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comt will replace the OH w/ a CH3, then it will be sent inside cell body to have the NH2 replaced w/ the COOH, it wil then leave the cell body and go into blood
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comt and mao changes deactivates by changing the -- for the receptor
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affinity
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what prevents metabolism by MAO or diffusion out
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storage in vesicles
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what do you call when the entire contents of is released
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quantel
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how do you increase a response
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increase the # of vesicles that's will release norepi, not how much will be released per vesicle. . . this can't be done anyway because of quantel release!
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where does uptake 1 take place
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neuronal cells
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which is most responsible for reuptake uptake 1 or 2
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uptake 1
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what has the greatest affinity for reuptake
EPI DA NE |
1. DA
2. NE 3. EPI |
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4 things uptake 1 is dependent on
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1. Energy
2. Sodium 3. Temperature 4. Saturable |
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where does uptake 2 take place
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extraneuronal cells
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t/f
uptake 1 is not saturable |
f
saturable |
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which uptake deals w/ nonspecfic binding
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uptake 2
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name the transporter in uptake 2
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OCT-1
OCT-2 OCT-3 |
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t/f
in oct1 the affinity of DA and EPI and NE are the same |
f
DA and EPI are the same, but NE is less |
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the affiniity of oct-2 for epi, da, ne
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1. DA
2. NE 3. EPI |
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the affinity of ENT/OCT3
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1. EPI
2. NE 3. DA |
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t/f
uptake 2 also is energy, temp dependent and saturable |
f
none |
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about 70% of the the inactivation of the adrenergic neurotransmission is due to
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ezymatic: uptake recycled to vesicles
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which enzyme is found postganglionic
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COMT
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which enzyme is found preganglionic
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MAO
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what does autonomic cotransmission refer to
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there's a transmitter and a peptide being being released
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the rat vas deferens was -----
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biphasic
this is how co transmission was discovered |
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what else is released other than norepi?
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ATP
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what does NE work on
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A1
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receptors for ATP
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P2X
P2Y P1 presynaptic receptors |
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how much norepi is oxidized by MAO
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about 20%
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how do you measure sympathetic activity
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check urine
inactive metabolite excreted in urine |
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in bl vessels what's cotransmitted w/ NE
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NPY
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what are the recptors for NE in the bl vessels
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A1
A2 |
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what are the receptors for NPY in the bl vessels
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Y1-Y5 postsynaptic
Y2 presynaptic |
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name some peptides that ACH is cotransmitted w/ in the cholinergic system
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VIP: brain/GI
CCK: brain/GI CGRP |
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name some other peptides in the cholinergic system
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somatostatin
substance P enkephalins GNRH Galanin |
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the drive for the sympathetic system
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CNS
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what's the purpose of cotransmission
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catecholamines have cause quick response are short
peptides prolong cuz have slower metabolism: so they last longer; maintain the contraction |
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the localized control of release of neurotransmission
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presynaptic receptors
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prerecptor
what does A2 inhibit |
Norepi
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prereceptor
B2 stimulate the release of ---- |
NE
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preceptor
P1 responds to ---- what does this inhibit |
adenosine
norepi |
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presyn.
D2 inhibit -- release |
NE
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presyn
angiotensin 2 (A1) stimulate --- |
NE
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presyn:
opiates (M and ENK) only inhibit release |
f
inhibit or stimulate. it depends on the type of receptor + or - |
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presyn
prostaglandin's inhibit/stimulate release |
both
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presyn
M2/M4 |
inhibit release
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presyn
5HT what acts on the 5HT |
inhibit
serotonin |
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presyn
Y2 inhibit release of what works on Y2 |
NE and NPY
NPY works on Y2 |
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presyn
what inhibits the release of histamine |
H3
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sites affecting neutrotransmission
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sythesis
transport into the vesicle slow/rapid displacement prevent release uptake block reuptake MAO blockade COMT blockade recetpors: agonist/antagonist |
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what will interfere w/ NE synthesis
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a-methyl-p-tyrosine
methyldopa disulfiram |
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what will a-methyl-p-tyrosine
inhibit |
TH
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what will methyldopa inhibit
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LAAD
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what will inhibit D beta H
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disulfram
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what will block transport out of a vesicle
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reserpine
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what will slow displacement out of the vesicles
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guanethadine
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what will have rapid displacement: it will stimulate NE from nerve terminals
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amphetamine
tyramine ephedrine |
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what's the prob w/ rapid displacement
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hyper then crash
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what prevents release
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bretylium
guanethadine |
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uptake 1 blockade: prevents transport back into receptor
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cocaine
desipramine tricyclic antidepressants |
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enzyme blockage
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pargyline
tropolone |
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which med blocks mao?
comt |
mao: pargyline
comt: tropolone |
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parkinson's is selective for
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mao
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why is cocaine addictive
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works on DA
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