Cogs17 Midterm 2

Front 1

pigment epithelium

Back 1

nutrients for rods/cones embedded; recycles and feeds from receptors

Front 2

Isomerization

Back 2

Converting light into a neural signal

Front 3

photopigment receptors that react to light

Back 3

Lamellae

Front 4

_____ absorbs light and changes shape, breaking off of the _____

Back 4

retinal, opsin

Front 5

eyes have to adapt because _____s already broke off

Back 5

retinal, photopigment regeneration

Front 6

Receptor Graded Potential

Back 6

retinal breaks off opsin; retinal stimulates Gmp 2nd messenger; opens Na+ gates rush out, Ca++ rushes in, Neurotransmitter released (IN THE DARK)

Front 7

Sensitivity

Back 7

cones low convergence cannot detect in dim light, rods high convergence combined effect can set off ganglion action potential

Front 8

Receptive Fields

Back 8

specific receptors that influences activity of target cell

Front 9

general and preserves spatial relations with magnification factor

Back 9

Retinotropic Map

Front 10

Ventral Stream

Back 10

Parvocellular, Temporal; Smaller receptive fields; Who/What; LGN > V1 Striate Cortex > V2 > V3 > V4 Occipital > Inferior Temporal

Front 11

Across fiber coding of three lengths makes color wheel

Back 11

Trichromatic Color Vision

Front 12

Color Opponency

Back 12

Red/Green; Blue/Yellow; Black/White; located in V1 hypercolumns

Front 13

V1

Back 13

simple cells give best response to certain orientation or color

Front 14

V2

Back 14

complex cells give best response to moving lines

Front 15

V3

Back 15

combination of V1/V2; moving scenes

Front 16

IT

Back 16

Inferior Temporal active in recognition of faces in fusiform gyrus

Front 17

damage to fusiform gyrus

Back 17

propagnosia

Front 18

Doral Stream

Back 18

Magnocellular Pathway; deals with motion; medial temporal > medial superior temporal > superior temporal sulcus

Super Colliculus > Palv > Posterior Parietal Cortex

Front 19

Superior Temporal Sulcus

Back 19

active during biological movements e.g. walking; facial expressions

Front 20

Binocular Disparity

Back 20

distance from fovea added together; V2 cares about where disparity is; MT cares about how much disparity

Front 21

Medial Superior Temporal

Back 21

Optic flow; contraction of cells from visual field

Front 22

Auditory System

Back 22

Pinna, Auditory Canal, Eardrum, Ossicles: Malleus, Incus, Staples, Oval Window, SemiCircular Canals, Cochlea, Round Window, Auditory Nerve

Front 23

Organ of Corti

Back 23

Cilia moves; Potasssium channels open; Second Messengers open Ca++ channels; NT released with graded response to spiral ganglions

Front 24

Place Coding

Back 24

Basilar Membrane in cochlea with oval window as stick narrow base for high frequencies;

Concerned with amount of displacement

Front 25

Temporal Coding

Back 25

Basilar Membrane but concerned with rate of displacement; "Frequency Theory"

Volley Principle combines activity of spiral ganglions across fiber coding because of refractory period

Front 26

Localization

Back 26

Intensity differences; Phase differences; Timing differences

Front 27

Intensity Differences

Back 27

especially high frequency sounds; Head shadow

Front 28

Phase Differences

Back 28

especially lower frequency sounds; can detect difference between peak and trough

Front 29

Timing Differences

Back 29

via Interaural Time-Disparity Detectors;
Superior olive cells wait for info from right and left to match up

Front 30

Auditory Pathway

Back 30

Inner/Outer Hair cells > Spiral Ganglions > Cochlear Nucleus > Superior Olive > Inferior Colliculus > Medial Geniculate > A1/A2

Front 31

Inner Hair cells

Back 31

like cones; encodes frequency; divergent

Front 32

Outer Hair cells

Back 32

like rods; encodes amplitude; convergent

Front 33

Spiral Ganglions

Back 33

8th cranial nerve; no lateral inhibition but some negative feedback

Front 34

Cochlear Nucleus

Back 34

in Medulla; Monaural

Front 35

Superior Olive

Back 35

in Medulla; Biaural because some axons cross over to contralateral superior olive

Front 36

Inferior Colliculus

Back 36

in Tectum (Midbrain); Binaura; some from contralateral cochlear nucleus but mostly from ipsi lateral superior olive

Front 37

Medial Geniculate

Back 37

tonotopic map in thalamus; cells repond to highest frequencies next to med, next to low

Front 38

A1

Back 38

lateral sulcus of temporal cortex; tonotopic amplitude map; simple vs. complex sounds

Front 39

A2

Back 39

in temporal lobe; responds best to complex sounds; Wernickes Area

Front 40

Vestibular System

Back 40

only detects changes; Hair cells > Vestibular Ganglions > Vestibular Nuclei of Medulla > Cerebellum; Spinal Cord; Cranial Nerves; Superior Colliculus > Temporal Lobe?

Front 41

compensates spinning

Back 41

Nystygmus

Front 42

Free Nerve Endings

Back 42

thermoreceptors; nociceptors; hair follicle receptors

Front 43

Encapsulated Nerve Endings

Back 43

mechanoreceptors respond to touch; proprioception

Front 44

small receptive field; fast adapting

Back 44

Meissner's Corpuscules; E.g. slipping

Front 45

small receptive field; slow adapting

Back 45

Merkel's Discs; E.g. Reading braille

Front 46

large receptive field; fast adapting

Back 46

Pacinnian Corpuscules; E.g. bending

Front 47

large receptive fields; slow adapting

Back 47

Ruffini Endings; E.g. sitting

Front 48

Spinal-Thalamic Pathway

Back 48

Free nerve endings; nerves small and unmyelinated; slow transmission;

dorsal > contralteral ventral > same medulla > same thalamus (VPN) > S1/S2

Front 49

Medial-Lemniscal Pathway

Back 49

Encapsulated Receptors; Nerves large and myelinated; Very rapid transmission

dorsal/straight up > ipsilateral medulla > contralateral thalamus (VPN) > S1/S2

Front 50

SomatoSensory Cortex

Back 50

post central gyrus posterior to central sulcus is S1: contains topological penfield map

contains magnification factor

Front 51

Gate Theory

Back 51

Analgesia;

Periaqueductal gray area releases inhibitory endorphins; inhibits cells in Raphne system in hindbrain sending excitatory NT to spinal cord; Stimulates inhibitory interneurons

Touch receptors near source of pain are stimulated; stimulates inhibitory interneurons

in brain via axo-axonal inhibition
e.g. runner's high; sexual activity

Front 52

neuro muscular junction

Back 52

myosin contracts to grab actins when Ca++ enters after effector neuron sends ACh

Front 53

Stretch Reflex

Back 53

keeps you from kicking yourself in the face; monosynaptic

Front 54

Golgi Reflex

Back 54

proprioceptors called Golgi Tendon Organs detect too strong intensity and send signal to interneuron inhibiting motor neuron that extends

Front 55

Pain Withdrawal Reflex

Back 55

stimulated nociceptors singal interneurons to excite motor neurons that hit relevant flexor muscles

Front 56

Scratch Reflex

Back 56

Oscillator circuit like dogs; rate fixed by spinal cord; produced by central pattern generators

Front 57

Instant Reflex

Back 57

E.g. rooting ; grasping
Via cerebellum

Front 58

Primary Motor Cortex

Back 58

in frontal lobe on precentral gyrus anterior to central sulcus

Front 59

Secondary Motor Cortex

Back 59

involved in planning movement; has mirror cells and Broca's area

Front 60

CorticoSpinal Tract

Back 60

mostly contralateral; fast myelinated tracts; precise control of peripheral movements e.g. hands, face

Large pyramid cells > red nucleus > cord > muscles

Front 61

VentroMedial Tract

Back 61

bi-lateral midline control; multiple subpaths that synapse @ spinal cord; mostly repetitive motions/posture

largely ipsilateral; anything involving both sides of body

Front 62

Cerebellum

Back 62

rapid, coordinated movements; ballistic: knows when and where to stop

proprioception from spinal cord and sensory info via cranial nerves

Front 63

Cerebellar Cortex

Back 63

timing of outputs translated by spatial array of purkinje cells connected to deep nuclei and parallel fibers and parallel cells

Front 64

Basal Ganglia

Back 64

Caudate Nuclei and Putamen receive sensory, Globus Pallidus sends out to motor cortex via thalamus
Involved in smooth changing voluntary movements (posture/walking)

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, ADD, Parkinson's Disease treated with LDopa