Cognitive/social Psych

Front 1

long term memory is split into 2 parts:

Back 1

1) explicit (conscious)
2) implicit (unconscious)

Front 2

the two types of explicit memory are:

Back 2

1) episodic (things that happened to you)
2) semantic (meanings of words, objects, etc.)

Front 3

the two types of implicit memory are:

Back 3

1) procedural knowledge (how-to)
2) classical conditioning (e.g. Little Albert)

Front 4

working memory aka short-term memory can be described as

Back 4

the flow of conscious thought

Front 5

how much does our working memory allow us to think about at once?

Back 5

only a few items of information can be thought about at any given moment

Front 6

two sources of memory contribute to the formation of thought:

Back 6

1) sensory-memory i.e. retrieved from our current environment
2) long-term memory

Front 7

working memory is referred to as short-term memory because information that you only think about for an instant...

Back 7

disappears from your memory

Front 8

serial position effect

Back 8

when asked to remember a series of numbers (or anything else), subjects tend to somewhat remember the beginning, barely remember the middle at all, and remember the end very well

Front 9

opposite of retrograde

Back 9

anterograde

Front 10

retrograde

Back 10

impaired memory of the past

Front 11

anterograde

Back 11

inability to form new memories (50 first dates)

Front 12

how can anterograde impair one's ability to form new memories?

Back 12

by impairing one's ability to encode short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM)

Front 13

levels of processing theory

Back 13

the higher the level of processing, the better the recall of the information at a later date

Front 14

maintenance rehearsal is less effective than...

Back 14

elaborative rehearsal

Front 15

maintenance rehearsal

Back 15

merely repeating information

Front 16

elaborative rehearsal

Back 16

involves building associations, focusing on meaning, and visualizing

Front 17

why is elaborative rehearsal more effective at allowing someone to retrieve information later?

Back 17

it involves a higher level of processing

Front 18

factors that affect encoding

Back 18

DVD
1) Distinctiveness of what is being remembered
2) releVance to oneself
3) Depth of processing

Front 19

Shacter's 7 sins of memory

Back 19

1) Transience
2) Absentmindedness
3) Blocking
4) Misattribution
5) Suggestibility
6) Bias
7) Persistance

Front 20

way to remember the 7 sins

Back 20

1) Talking
2) About
3) Boys
4) Means
5) Serious
6) Blabbing
7) Potential

Front 21

transience

Back 21

memory of facts and events less accessible over time

Front 22

absentmindedness

Back 22

not paying enough attention to a stimulus at the time of encoding

Front 23

blocking

Back 23

information that is temporarily inaccessible

Front 24

misattribution

Back 24

getting one's sources confused (e.g. thinking that your mom told you about the new restaurant downtown when it was really your aunt)

Front 25

suggestibility

Back 25

the idea that leading questions can make someone make up certain memories and actually believe that they happened

Front 26

bias

Back 26

your current mood affects how you remember a certain experience

Front 27

persistance

Back 27

uncontrollable, undesired retrieval of a memory

Front 28

examples of retrospective memory errors

Back 28

-eyewitness testimony inaccuracies
-planting false memories

Front 29

what is a recovered memory?

Back 29

a memory was was previously repressed, but recovered later on by means of some trigger

Front 30

types of recovered memories

Back 30

those that come back:
1) gradually
2) spontaneously

Front 31

what makes it possible for memories to be planted?

Back 31

1) source confusion
2) imagination inflation

Front 32

source confusion

Back 32

when someone does not remember who told them something, they more easily believe that the information was true

Front 33

imagination inflation

Back 33

when you imagine something, it makes the event seem more real to you and easier to believe that it actually happened

Front 34

how else does one go about planting false memories?

Back 34

1) social demands (making someone feel like they must come up with information)
2) encouraging someone to not think too hard about whether their memories are real or fake
3) corroboration of event (giving false evidence that something happened)

Front 35

more retrospective memory errors

Back 35

1) distortion of memory by post
event info
2) filling in the gaps of a memory because you can't remember the details

Front 36

when a witness can only provide info that has been widely publicized in papers, why are people skeptical?

Back 36

the witness was likely affected by post-event info

Front 37

three critical processes involved in cognitive psychology

Back 37

1) attention
2) perception
3) memory

Front 38

attention

Back 38

involves focusing on relevant aspects of the environment and screening out unimportant details

Front 39

perception

Back 39

interpretation of sensory information

Front 40

memory

Back 40

how do we store memory? how do we retrieve memories? how are memories distorted?

Front 41

attention can be broken down into 5 parts:

Back 41

SAAAD
1) selective attention (focusing on some task, blocking out other info)
2) awareness (the fact that you realize something is present)
3) alertness (awareness plus arousal)
4) automaticity (well-rehearsed tasks do not need to be given as much attention)
5) divided attention (multitasking)

Front 42

how are we able to focus on relevant info? (two theories?)

Back 42

1) filter theory (too much info is presented to us at any given time and we are only able to focus on relevant info)
2) resource allocation theory (there is lots of info presented to us and we choose what to focus on)
*what is the key difference between these two theories?

Hint 42

the filter theory = passive, while the resource allocation theory = active

Front 43

problems with filter theory

Back 43

- does not account for divided attention
- no explanation of how this filter is controlled
- some unattended info is processed anyway

Front 44

besides the passive/active aspects of the filter/resource allocation theory, what is another difference between the two?

Back 44

the filter theory only accounts for focused attention, while the resource allocation theory accounts for focused (aka selective) and divided attention

Front 45

factors influencing attention

Back 45

1) enduring dispositions (high attention given to factors that influence our survival, allowing for sudden movement/action)
2) momentary intentions (goals/ needs in the moment, like hunger)
3) automaticity (can be hard to ignore automatic behaviors e.g. Stroop test/ reading)

Front 46

when can attention be successfully divided?

Back 46

- when a task is easier
(e.g. Smith and Chamberlain/ soccer skills)
- when one is more of an expert at a certain task (expert soccer players could handle extra cognitive demands)
- when the multiple stimuli being focused on are not perceived by the same sense (i.e. doing two auditory tasks > one auditory, one visual)
- when arousal is at an intermediate level

Front 47

what factor can either make divided attention easier or harder depending on one's personality?

Back 47

arousal level

Hint 47

- introverts better divide attention with low levels of arousal
- extroverts- high levels

Front 48

opposite of bottom-up processing

Back 48

top-down processing

Front 49

bottom-up processing

Back 49

see stimulus -> make meaning from it

Front 50

top-down processing

Back 50

prior knowledge -> figure out what stimulus is

Front 51

one group of bottom-up processes are called:

Back 51

Gestalt Laws of Organization (6 laws about the human tendency to innately group things together)

Hint 51

1) closure
2) proximity
3) similarity
4) common movement
5) good form (neat, symmetrical figures perceived as together faster and more accurately)
6) good continuation

Front 52

another Gestalt principle (not included in the main laws)

Back 52

- figure-ground relationship

Front 53

two unconscious aspects of depth perception

Back 53

1) binocular (perception works best with both eyes)
2) monocular (perception is faster when objects are closer)

Front 54

how are top-down processes different from bottom-up processes?

Back 54

top-down processes = concept driven, while bottom-up processes = data-driven

Front 55

example of a top-down process

Back 55

scene superiority (context affects identification of objects)

Front 56

social psych is the study of

Back 56

- how ppl interact + how others affect the individual
- causes/ quality of human perceptions, thoughts, and behavior within social interactions

Front 57

issues in social psych

Back 57

CASA
1) Conformity/ obedience
2) Attitudes/ persuasion
3) Stereotypes/ prejudice
4) Aggression

Front 58

Asch's study of conformity

Back 58

ppl are given a choice of lines and asked which one is closest in length to a given line
(results: participants chose the line that the confederates chose, which was clearly wrong)
4 factors that affected conformity?

Hint 58

1) status of group members
2) level of self-esteem/confidence of participant
3) unanimity (even 1 dissenter = conformity drops)
4) accountability (asked to explain answer = conformity drops)

Front 59

Milgram's study if obedience

Back 59

over 60% of participants shocked the learner until maximum voltage was reached
(3 variations on the experiment that decreased this percentage?)

Hint 59

1) holding the study somewhere less prestigious than Yale
2) @ least 1 dissenter in the room
3) authority figure giving instructions over the phone (less personal/immediate)

Front 60

diffusion of responsibility

Back 60

the tendency to dilute personal responsibility (and blame after the fact) by spreading it among group members

Front 61

with diffusion of responsibility, the larger the group...

Back 61

the less personal responsibility ppl put upon themselves

Front 62

two aspects of diffusion of responsibility

Back 62

1) bystander intervention
2) pluralistic ignorance (when a person acts unconcerned because others do not seem worried e.g. smoke in room study, while the others are simultaneously looking at them for clues on how to react)