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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Focused attention |
Your system thinks that something is impt e.g. doorbell ringing |
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Sustained attention |
Vigilance: Maintain attn over time during continuous activity, e.g. reading a book |
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Selective attention |
Ability to focus w/distraction, e.g. reading in a loud park |
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Alternating attention |
Shifting at ten among activities, e.g. reading, then cooking dinner, then back to reading |
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Divided attention |
Doing two things at once... |
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Working memory |
Limited temporary storage used to manipulate info |
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Prospective memory |
Remembering to carry out intentions, e.g. what you need to do throughout the day |
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Meta-memory |
Thinking about memory, how to remember things |
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Declarative memory (2 types) |
Semantic: Facts e.g. who is the president? |
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Non-declarative memory = Procedural memory |
How to do something, e.g. riding a bike |
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Retrograde amnesia |
Unable to retrieve info stored prior to injury |
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Anterograde amnesia |
Unable to retrieve info stored following the injury |
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Coup v. Contre Coup |
Coup: occurs under the site of impact with an object |
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Agnosia |
Ability to sense but not perceive |
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Left neglect |
Not attending to things on L side of body (L visual neglect) |
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Closed head injury/non-penetrating |
(e.g. MVA, falls) - Most common type of injury - Coup, contrecoup, acceleration/deceleration w/external movement - Meninges intact - Diffuse damage --> common -Higher incidence |
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Open head injury/penetrating |
-(gun shot, knife wound), skull penetrated -Coup- ONE site of impact - Focal/localized damage - Meninges torn - Increased seizure activity (seen in both types)
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Coup/contrecoup |
Coup: the area of initial impact to the brain Contrecoup: the area of the brain opposite the original injury; this site is often injured when the brain rebounds w/in the skull |
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Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI) |
-A more generalized injury to the brain (versus focal) - Cause by the shearing or stretching of axons (nerve fibers) caused by acceleration or deceleration injuries (such as MVA)
- Component of primary TBI damage --> results in initial coma
- Permanent brain stem neurosis and possibly death |
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Vegetative State |
= State of wakefullness without awareness - Not in a coma, eyes open
-Not recognized as "brain death" - Pathology: common feature to diffuse damage to white matter of the cerebral hemispheres and/or thalamus - HR, resp., etc. --> intact |
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Minimally Conscious State |
- Distinct from coma or vegetative state
- Deliberate, cognititvely mediated responses --> volitional, not reflexive - Generalized v. localized responses - Minima;, but definite behavioral evidence of self or environmental awareness is demonstrated
- Distinguishing characteristic btwn VS & MCS = demonstration of at least 1 clear-cut behavioral sign of consciousness |
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Subdural hematoma |
= Hemorrhage btwn the dura & arachnoid meningeal coverings |
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How does consolidation of memories occur? |
In the hippocampus |
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Difficult w/ sustained attention (vigliance) = ? |
Impulsivity |
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Danger of accumulation of fluids |
Rising intracranial pressure --> need to relieve it with a shunt or something! |
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Type of symptom that will best determine recovery from a concussion |
Cognitive: Dissipating fogginess is the primary predictor |
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Two long-term outcomes from a CHI |
1. Short-term memory loss
2. Pragmatic difficulties |
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TBI v. PTSD |
- Both have memory problems, poor interpersonal skills, & problem-solving
-BUT those w/PTSD do not lose consciousness!! |
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Normal cognitive changes due to aging |
- Evident in increasingly challenging tasks --> can still do, but takes mroe time to process - Better w/narrative v. factual info
- Simpler grammer + reduced utterance length (but syntax otherwise intact)
- Confrontational naming slower, fewer proper nouns & more nonspecific terms - Good word recognition - Elaboration as a strategy
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Type of MCI most likely to transition to dementia |
Amnesia-Type |
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Level V on Rancho Los Amigos Scale |
Confused-Inappropriate
- Gross attn to env't --> wanders - Distractible, so attn is a goal - Needs struction - Agitation to external stimuli - Unable to learn new info - Severe memory problems
-Consistently responds to simple commands - Better listening than reading -Expression is stimulus-bound (short phrases, tangential thought, confabulation) - Writing impaired |
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Level VI on Rancho Los Amigos Scale |
Confused-Appropriate
- Increased awareness of surroundings (no wandering) - ADL carryover - Tolerates unpleasant stimuli - Self-correction emerging - Goal-directed behavior WITH external support - Delayed processing
- Inact automatic social responses - No jargon - Poor prosody |
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Level VII on Rancho Los Amigos Scale |
Automatic-Appropriate
- Moderate-minimal supervision for new learning - New learning at decreased rate - Superficial insight into deficits - Functional WITH STRUCTURE - Oriented x3 - Prevocational training indicated - Retention improves to short paragraphs - Delayed processing persists - Difficult w/complex info-making judgements |
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TEACH-M |
Task analysis Effortless learning Assessment (Baseline & ongoing) Cumulative review High rates of practice (massed & distributed) Mete-cognitive strategy |
