Cognitive Psychology: Language

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*Language

Back 1

Rule-governed skill which is used in both production and comprehension

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*Pragmatics

Back 2

the rules of conversation

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Gricean Implicature

Back 3

Something that is meant, implied, or suggested, distinct from what is said

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*Semantics

Back 4

the meaning of language

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Reference

Back 5

individual words represent objects, events

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*Propositions

Back 6

Sentences expressed in such format: verb (subject, direct object)

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*Syntax

Back 7

the ability to string words together into legal sentences within a language

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Sentence frame

Back 8

Depending on the language, a certain permissible structure of the sentence dictates if it is grammatical

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*Morphology

Back 9

the study of morphemes and how they are used

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*Morphemes

Back 10

the smallest meaningful units of language

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*Free morphemes

Back 11

morphemes that are able to stand alone, usually words

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*Bound morphemes

Back 12

morphemes that are appended to words to alter or emphasize a word's meaning

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*Phonology

Back 13

the study of phonemes and rules for the combination of phonemes

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*Phonemes

Back 14

the individual sounds of language

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Phonetics

Back 15

the study of the articulation features of phonemes (place in mouth, and manners of articulation)

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*Bilabial

Back 16

place of articulation with two lips together (p,b)

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*Labiodental

Back 17

the place of articulation with the bottom lip against the top front teeth (f,v)

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*Alveolar

Back 18

the place of articulation with the tongue against the alveolar ridge just behind the front teeth (t,d)

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*Palatal

Back 19

the place of articulation with the tongue against the hard palate in roof of mouth just behind the alveolar ridge (s_, y)

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*Velar

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the place of articulation with the tongue against the soft palate in rear of mouth (g)

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*Stops

Back 21

the manner of articulation with complete closure at a point of articulation (p,b)

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*Fricatives

Back 22

the manner of articulation with sustained turbulence or vibration (f,v)

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*Nasals

Back 23

the manner of articulation with the closure of the mouth and the opening of the nasal passage to let air through (m,n)

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*Laterals

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the manner of articulation with the shaping of the tongue so that the main opening is at sides of tongue (l)

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*Place of articulation

Back 25

the actual point of contact where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract between the tongue and some part of the mouth

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*Manners of articulation

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describes how the tongue, lips, jaw, and other speech organs are involved in making a sound make contact

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*Inflection

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the intonation, stress, and rhythm (prosody) of speech found in the right hemisphere

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*Prosody

Back 28

the study of rhythm and metrical structure in language

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Transmission Deficit Model

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A lexical processing theory, which uses a node structure model, that states that TOT states are caused by transmission deficit and partial activation

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Transmission Deficit

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weak connections between lexical and phonological nodes causes TOT states, usually occurring with low frequency words

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*Partial Activation

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states that the first letter or syllable of a target word are remembered in a TOT state (primacy effect or root morpheme)

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Brown and McNeill

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Bathtub Effect

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People retrieve the beginning and the end parts of words

Hint 32

Atchison

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*Partial Activation Theory

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Phonologically related words should spread activation to the target, increasing activation toward threshold, and facilitate retrieval (spreading activation)

Hint 33

Meyer and Bock

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*Neighborhood Effects

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targets with lots of phonologically similar "neighbors" are most likely to be retrieved because people keep remembering parts of words

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*Blocking hypothesis

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Phonologically related interlopers interfere with retrieval of the target word because of the inhibitory links between nodes (inhibitory activation)

Hint 35

Jones

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*Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

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causes the word to be temporarily unavailable, despite actually knowing the target, or desired, word

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Lemmas

Back 37

words

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Lexeme

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phonemes (sounds)

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Homophones/Polysemy

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lexical ambiguity that arises when words that sound/pronounced the same but have multiple meanings

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Selective Access Theory

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lexical ambiguity theory that states that only context-relevant meaning becomes activated

Hint 40

Glucksberg, Schvaneveldt, Simpson

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Exhaustive/Multiple Access Theory

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simultaneous activation of all meanings but the resolution of the meaning is based on context in a second stage

Hint 41

Swinney

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Malapropism/Word Substitution

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a speech error that substitutes an incorrect word of the same grammatical class with similar semantic of phonological structure

Hint 42

mother/wife or mushroom/mustache

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*Word Blend

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a speech error that occurs because of a phonlogical substitution

Hint 43

meef (instead of meat or beef)

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Substitution

Back 44

A speech errors which uses a similar phonemes in a word to pronounce it

Hint 44

rabbits and wabbits

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*Perseveration

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A speech error where a new phoneme in a word fails to suppress the previous phoneme in the other word

Hint 45

blue blonnets instead of blue bonnets

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*Anticipation

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a speech error which occurs because of mental planning for the next word

Hint 46

leading list instead of reading list

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*Transposition/Exchange

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a speech error which occurs when the phonemes of two words are switched

Hint 47

flow snurries instead of snow flurries

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*Spoonerisms

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a transposition that still makes sense semantically

Hint 48

fighting a liar/lighting a fire or queer old dean/dear old queen

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*Skinner's Verbal Behavior

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states that language is a learned like a behavior, through imitation and reinforcement (not innate)

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*Associative Chaining

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provides syntax because the stringing together of certain words based on strength of association of word pairs is memorized/imitated

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*Nativism

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learning syntax of a language is a biologically programmed skills allow children to abstract universal grammar speech from utterances they hear

Hint 51

Chomsky

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Language Acquisition Devices

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children who show single word learning, vocabulary spurt, sequence of sentence production

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*Language Universals

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elements that exist across all languages such as tense specification in words, and specification of agent (subject) /patient (direct object) role

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*Generativity

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the ability to produce an infinite number of novel/new grammatical sentences

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*Modularity

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language is a domain-specific skill, mutually independent of other cognitive abilities

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*Critical Period hypothesis

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brain lateralization ends at puberty and ends critical period (limited time in which language can be learned)

Hint 56

Lenneberg

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*Genie

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abused and isolated child; learned large vocabulary but had telegraphic speech, and couldn't ask questions because she past her critical period

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*Phase Structure Grammar

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sentences have a hierarchal structure in planning to speak/comprehending and are analyzed according to constituents (not left to right)

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*Constituent Components

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phrases (noun phrase/verb phrase) which can also be broken up into article + noun, verb + noun phrase)

Hint 59

The pitcher (NP) +
threw the baseball (VP)

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*Terminal Elements

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a constituent that cannot be rewritten into another constituent (such as a word - article, noun, verb)

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*Preposing

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If you want to form a complex sentence, you must split the sentence at a whole phrase or constituent

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A major pest, my sister is.
NOT Pest, my litter sister is a major.

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*Transformatonal Grammar

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Chomsky's second theory on how language is a generative grammar

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*Deep structure

Back 63

the desired meaning of a certain sentence when writing/speaking

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Passive and active voice have same deep structure

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*Surface Structure

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the actual sentence composition

Hint 64

Passive and active voice have different surface structure

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Transformation Rules

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set of rules on how to generate a different surface structure while maintaining the same deep structure

Hint 65

statement to question OR
active to passive

Crain and Nakayama

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*Case Structure Grammar

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theory that analyzes the surface syntactic structure of sentences by studying the combination of cases/semantic roles (consistent with transformational grammar)

Hint 66

Fillmore

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*Relation

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the verb's semantic role

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*Agent

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the subject (who is doing) semantic role

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*Patient/Recipient

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the direct object (who it is being done to/what is it being done to)

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Theme

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*Instrument

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what is being used

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Time

Back 71

case that specifies the tense (word or phoneme)

Hint 71

yesterday, -ed

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*Agrammatism

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Damage to left, frontal area of cortex; poor expressive/telegraphic speech with intact comprehension

Hint 72

Broca's Aphasia

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*Telegraphic speech

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consists of sentences spoken with an abnormal rhythm in meaningful but simple sentences, omitting grammatical components (articles) from most sentences

Hint 73

"Sister visit" instead of "My sister is visiting"

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Wernicke's Aphasia

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damage to left, temporal region of cortex; speech (fluency) is preserved but language content (syntax/grammar) are incorrect; inability to comprehend

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Fluent aphasia, Receptive aphasia

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*Neologisms

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Nonsense words

Hint 75

"youg" instead of "young"
"funnas"

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*Paraphasias

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substitutes one word for another, and changes words and sentences in an inappropriate way (semantic and phonological)

Hint 76

mother/wife or "ephelant" instead of "elephant"

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*Anomia

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word retrieval difficulties described as an extreme TOT phenomenon for every word

Hint 77

angular gyrus damage

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*Conduction aphasia

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inability to repeat words, sentence, or respond to sentences/questions in a conversation

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arcuate fasciculus damage

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*Arcuate fasciculus

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band of nerve fibers linking Broca's area to Wernicke's area

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*Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

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a systematic relationship between the grammatical categories of the language a person speaks dictates how that person both understands the world and behaves in it

Hint 80

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis