Cognitive Psychology Chapter 5

Front 1

Episodic Memory

Back 1

Focuses on your memories for events that happened to you personally.

Front 2

Semantic Memory

Back 2

Describes your organized knowledge about the world, including your knowledge about words and other factual information.

Front 3

Procedural Memory

Back 3

Refers to your knowledge about how to do something.

Front 4

Encoding

Back 4

You process information and represent it in your memory.

Front 5

Retrivial

Back 5

You locate information in storage and you access the information.

Front 6

Levels of Processing Approach

Back 6

Argues that deep meaningful processing of information leads to more accurate recall than shallow sensory kinds of processing.

Front 7

Distinctiveness

Back 7

Means that a stimulus is different from other memory traces.

Front 8

Elaboration

Back 8

Operates deep levels of processing.

Front 9

Self Reference Effect

Back 9

You will remember more information if you try to relate the information to yourself.

Front 10

Meta Analysis

Back 10

Which is a statistical method for synthesizing numerous studies on a single topic.

Front 11

Encoding Specificity Principle

Back 11

Which states that recall is better if the context during retrival is similar to the context during encoding.

Front 12

Recall Task

Back 12

The participants must reproduce the items they learned earlier.

Front 13

Recognition Task

Back 13

The participants must judge whether they saw a particular item at an earlier time.

Front 14

Emotion

Back 14

A reaction to a specific stimulus.

Front 15

Mood

Back 15

Refers to a more general long lasting experience.

Front 16

Pollyana Priniple

Back 16

States that pleasant items are usually processed more efficiently and more accurately than less pleasant items are usually processed more efficiently and more accurately than less pleasant items.

Front 17

Positivity Effect

Back 17

People tend to rate unpleasant past events more positively with the passage of time.

Front 18

Mood Congruence

Back 18

Means that you recall material more accurately if it is congruent with your current mood.

Front 19

Explicit Memory Task

Back 19

A researcher directly asks you to remember some information; you realize that your memory is being tested, and the test requires you to intentionally retrieve some information that you previously learned.

Front 20

Implicit Memory Task

Back 20

You see the material during the test phase, you are instructed to complete cognitive tasks that does not directly ask you for either recall or recognition.

Front 21

Repetition priming Task

Back 21

Recent Exposure to a word increased likelihood that you will think of this particular word, when you are given a cue that could evoke many different words.

Front 22

Dissociation

Back 22

Occurs when a variable has large effects on Test A but little or no effects on Test B.

Front 23

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Back 23

In which a person experiences at least 6 months of intense long lasting anxiety and worry.

Front 24

PTSD

Back 24

In which a person keeps re experiencing a very traumatic event.

Front 25

Social Phobia

Back 25

In which a person becomes very anxious in social situations.

Front 26

Amnesia

Back 26

Have severe deficits in their episodic memory.

Front 27

Retrograde Amnesia

Back 27

Loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain damage.

Front 28

Anterograde Amnesia

Back 28

The loss or the ability to form memories for events that have occured after brain damage.

Front 29

Hippocampus

Back 29

A structure underneath the cortex that is important in many learning and memory tasks.

Front 30

Expertise

Back 30

Demonstrate impressive memory abilities as well as consistently exceptional performance on representative tasks in a particular area.

Front 31

Own Ethnicity Bias

Back 31

You are generally accurate in identifying members in your own ethnic group than members in other ethnic group.

Front 32

Autobiographical Memory

Back 32

Is your memory for events and issues related to yourself.

Front 33

Ecological Validity

Back 33

If the conditions in which the research is conducted are similar to the natural setting to which the results will be applied.

Front 34

Schema

Back 34

Consists of your general knowledge or expectation which is distilled from your past experiences with someone or something.

Front 35

Consistency Bias

Back 35

We tend to exaggerate the consistency between our past feelings and beliefs and our current viewpoint.

Front 36

Source Montioring

Back 36

The process of trying to identify the origin of a particular memory.

Front 37

Reality Monitoring

Back 37

You try to identify whether an event really occured or whether you imaged this event.

Front 38

Flashbulb Memory

Back 38

Refers to your memory for the circumstances in which you first learned about a very surprising and emotionally arousing event.

Front 39

Post Event Misinformation Effect

Back 39

People first view an event, when they are given misleading information about the event; later on they mistakenly recall the misleading information, rather than the event they actually saw.

Front 40

Proactive Interferance

Back 40

Which means that people have trouble recalling new material because of previously learned old material keeps interfering with new memories.

Front 41

Retroactive Interference

Back 41

People have trouble recalling old material because some recently learned new material keeps interfering with old memories.

Front 42

Constructivist Approach

Back 42

To memory emphasize that we construct knowledge by intergrating what we know. As a result our understanding of an event or a topic is coherent and it makes sense.

Front 43

Recovered Memory Perspective

Back 43

Some indivduals who experienced sexual abuse during childhood managed to forget that memory for many years.

Front 44

False Memory Perspective

Back 44

Proposes that most of these recovered memories are actually incorrect memories in other words they are constructed stories about events that never occured.

Front 45

Betrayal Trauma

Back 45

To describe how a child may respond adaptively when a trusted parent or caretaker betrays them by sexual trauma.