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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Process of concentrating on specific features of the environment or on certain thoughts or activities
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attention
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Ability to focus on one message and ignore all others
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selective attention
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what are some types of attention?
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-selective
-limited -overt -covert |
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Research method where one message is presented to the left ear and another to the right ear
-Participant “shadows” one message to ensure he is attending to that message |
dichotic listening
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what were the results of the dichotic listening experiment?
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Participants could not report the content of the message in unattended ear (surface gets through)
-Knew that there was a message -Knew the gender of the speaker -Can’t say half way through it switched from English to French However unattended ear is being processed at some level -Cocktail party effect -Change in gender is noticed -Change to a tone is noticed |
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what is Broadbent's model of attention?
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early (bottle neck)
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what is Triesman's model of attention?
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intermediate (attenuation theory)
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what is McKay's model of attention?
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late
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describe the early selection model.
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-Filters message before incoming information is analyzed for meaning
-Messages-> sensory memory-> filter-(attended message)> detector-> to memory |
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what are the components of Broadbent's model?
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-sensory memory
-filter -detector -STM |
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Broadbent's model could not explain...
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-Participant’s name gets through (Cocktail party phenomenon)
-Participants can shadow meaningful messages that switch from one ear to another (Dear Aunt Jane) -Effects of practice on detecting information in unattended ear (can be trained based on message) |
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What does the filter do in Broadbent's model?
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-Identifies attended message based on physical characteristics
-Only attended message is passed on to the next stage |
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what is another name for Triesman's model?
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leaky filter model (explains cocktail)
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what are the components of Triesman's model?
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-attenuator
-dictionary unit |
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explain the role of the attenuator in Triesman's model.
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-Analyzes incoming message in terms of physical characteristics, language, and meaning
-Attended to message is let through the attenuator at full strength (should have a lot of details) -Unattended message is let through at a much weaker strength (possible to hear name or Dear Aunt Jane) |
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explain the function of the dictionary unit in Triesman's model.
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-Contains words, each of which have thresholds for being activated
-words that are common or important have low thresholds (name/words for survival) -Uncommon words have high thresholds |
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what type of words have a high threshold and which have low?
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high- uncommon words
low- name, survival words |
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when does filtering occur in the late selection model?
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-selection of stimuli for final processing does not occur until after information has been analyzed for meaning
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what experiment did McKay perform to demonstrate late selection theory?
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In attending ear, participants heard ambiguous sentences
-“They were throwing stones at the bank.” In unattended ear, participants heard either -“river” or “money” In test, participants had to choose which was closest to the meaning of attended to message: -They threw stones toward the side of the river yesterday -They threw stones at the savings and loan association yesterday **The meaning of the biasing word affected participants’ choice |
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how much of a person’s cognitive resources are used to accomplish a task
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task load
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uses almost all resources; no resources for other tasks
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high task load
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uses few resources; resources for other tasks
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low task load
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which task load is better?
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Would think do better in low, but do not because all of resources are being put to task at hand and background noise gets blocked out…do better job at task; in low, other things are easily influencing
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High-load experiments support which theory of attention?
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early selection (quick because nothing else got through to be distracted by)
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Low-load experiments support which theory of attention?
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late selection (analyzed meaning of many small things)
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what is the difference between high- load and low-load conditions in the flanker-compatibility task?
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-Low-load condition: one potential target-> Reaction time is longer for incompatible distractors because participant still had resources available to process additional information
-High-load condition: type of distractor does not effect reaction time-> do not have enough resources to get distracted by other distractors |
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explain the stroop effect.
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-Name of the word interferes with the ability to name the ink color
-Cannot avoid paying attention to the meanings of the words |
