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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cognitive psychology
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theoretical approach of psychology that focuses on cognition, learning, mental processes, knowledge
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Wilhelm Wundt
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created the discipline of psyhchology and introspecton
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aristotle
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emphasized empirical evidence obtained through careful observation and experiments
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introspection
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systematically analze one's sensations and report them objectively
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structuralism
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study of conscious experience with introspection
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Ebbinghaus
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investigated memory through experiements- tried to memorize nonsense syllables and examined the factors that influenced his abilities
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Mary Calkins
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recency effect- memory recall is especially accurate for the final items in a series
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William James
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investigated everyday experiences- perception, memory, tip of the tongue phenomenon
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Behaviorist approach
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psychology focus on observable behavior; pavlov, skinner, watson
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Gestalt psychology
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overall quality transcends the individual elements; we actively organize what we see
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Cognitive psychology
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studies complex behavior that can't be explained through behaviorism- thoughts, strategies
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Information processing approach
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mental processing is similar to computer operations
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Atkinson- shiffrin model of memory
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memory is a sequence of steps in which info is transferred from one storage area to the next.
external input- sensory memory- shot term- long term |
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ecological validity
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research conditions are similar to natural settings
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Positive emission tomography (PET)
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measures blood flow to areas of the brain while performing a task
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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oxygen rich blood indicates brain activity in that area
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Event related potential (ERP)
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records brief fluctuations in a brain's electrical activity in response to a stimulus
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Parallel distributed processing (PDP)
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multiple cognitive processes can occurr simultaneously
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Serial processing
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processing as a series of separate operations
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Perception
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interpretation of the stimuli registered by our senses
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Sensation
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subjective experience through sensory receptors responding to sound, smell, touch
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Transduction
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sense organs translate sensory messages into nerve impulses
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figure-ground relationship
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distinct shape and background; can be reversed if it's an ambiguous relationship
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Template matching theory
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stimuli are compared to templates stored in memory; recognition occurs when you see an exact match between stimuli and template
-doesn't account for variations of a template that are recognised |
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Feature Analysis theory
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Gibson; distinctive featers describe visual stimuli and differentiate it form other obects
- doesn't take into account the physical relationship between features |
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Recognitions by component theory
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Bierdman; objects are represented as a configuration of 3D shapes, geons. 3 geons provide enough info for recognition.
- doesn't explain why recognition depends on viewpoint |
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Top down processing in visual recognition
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perception is influenced by stimulus characteristics and our knowledge and expectations
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Inattentional blindness
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fail to recognise a new object appearing
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Face perception
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faces processed in a holistic way rather than based on individual elements
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Retina
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back portion of the eye that conatins neurons that register and transmit visual info
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Primary visual cortex
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in occipital lobe; concerned with basic processing of visual stimuli
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Distal stimulus
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actual object seen
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Proximal stimulus
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info registered on sensory receptors
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Illusory contours
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perceive a figure from a scene when there are no clear cut boundaries
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Bottom up processing
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stimulus in environment is registered then passed on to higher levels in the perceptual system
- concentrate attention on specific stimulus |
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Top down processing
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expectations of certain places/objects/etc help us recognize objects quickly
-expectations at the higher level work its way down to guide early processing - attention captured by stimulus in the environment |
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Holistic basis
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recognize something in terms of overall shape and structure
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Attention
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selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment whil ignoring others
- limited capacity |
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Stroop effect
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attentional interference effect; takes longer to name the ink color of a word if it is incongruent with the color word ("red" written in blue)
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Simple feature search
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find a target that differs from distractors by a unique feature
- pop out effect |
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Saccadic eye movement
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jumps our eyes make when reading; fixate on context words and skip simple words
- perceive 15 characters to right of fixation and 3-4 to the left |
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Emotional stroop task
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name ink color of words related to a possible psychological disorder
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Isolated feature search
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target differs from irrelevant items by a simple feature (color)
- quickly found |
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Combined feature search
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target is a combination of 2 properties (looking for blue X among red X and blue O)
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Feature present search
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looking for features that are present "pop out", very quick
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Feature absent search
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looking for a feature that is absent, much slower
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Orienting attention network
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attention required for selecting info from sensory input (visual searches)
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Executive attention network
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attention used when a task features conflict (stroop effect)
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Alerting attention network
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makes you sensitive and alert to new stimuli
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Botttleneck theory
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minimal messages can flow through to attention at one time, rest get left behind
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Feature integration theory
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view a scene with distributed attention and process all parts simultaneously
- or focus attention and process each one at a time |
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Illusory conjunction
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incorrect combination of features is thought to have been seen
(blue N, green T--> blue T) |
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Ironic effects of mental control
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Wegner; attempts backfire when trying to control the content of our thoughts
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Working memory
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brief, immediate memory for material you're currently processing; short term memory
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Long term memory
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large capacity of memories that accumulate over a lifetime
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George Miller
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short term is limited to 7 +/- 2 bits of info
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Chunk
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memory unit that has several components that are strongly associated (up to 7 chunks)
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Control processes
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intentional strategies to improve memory (rehearsal, chunking, etc )
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Semantic memory
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meaning of word; effects memory ability
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Proactive interference
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previous info interferes with new info
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Working memory approach
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immediate memory is a multi part system that temporarily holds and manipulates info as we perform cognitive tasks
- Baddeley model |
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Central executive
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coordinates the information used by doesn't store it; decides which stimuli to pay attention to; selects strategies for problem solving
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Visuospatial sketchpad
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processes visual and spatial info; gathers info about landmarks or objects in complex scenes
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Episodic buffer
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temporary storehouse where we gather and combine info from the visuospatial sketchpad, the phonological loop, and long term memory
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Phonological loop
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stores information in terms of sounds for a short period
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Elaboration
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processing in terms of meaning and interconnected concepts
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Abstraction
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store meaning of a message, not exact words, basic gist
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Explicit memory
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recall and recognition; intentional retrieval of material
- remembering a word definition |
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Implicit memory
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involuntary retrieval
- knowledge needed to run |
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Retrograde Amnesia
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loss of memory for events prior to brain damage
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Anterograde amnesia
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loss of memory for events after brain damage
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Levels of categorization
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superordinate level (general),
basic level (somewhat specific), subordinate level (most specific) |
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False memories
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false recall of information that wasn't present or didnt actually occurr
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Expertise
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information in that domain is integrated into a rich network of associations which form retrieval cues
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Prospective memory
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remembering to carry out an intended action in a givern circumstance in the future
- stronger recall for even based memories than time based memories |
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Judgment
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assesment of:
the likelihood that an outcome will occur, degree of belief in the truth of a statement, the benefits/ harms associated with outcome consequences |
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Coherence benchmark
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use formal models such as logic; do judments follow the principles of logic?
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Correspondence benchmark
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focus on the fit between judgments and external environment; do jugments reflect reality?
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Conjunction fallacy
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probability of a conjunction of 2 things can't exceed the probability of either of its conjuncts
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Availability heuristic
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evaluate by how often we've heard of an event occurring; how readily it comes to mind
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Representative heuristic
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evaluate by how similar one event is to another; think in terms of typicalities
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Principle of invariance
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preferences shouldn't depend on how the options are described
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Incubation
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impasse is reached during problem solving, leave it and take a break
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Creativity
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expert problem solving
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Phonemes
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basic units of spoken language
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Morphemes
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basic units of meaning
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Semantics
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meaning of words and sentences
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Syntax
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how we organise words in a sentence
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Pragmatics
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social rules underlying language use
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Maxim of quality
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say what you believe
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Maxim of quantity
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amount of contribution in a conversation
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Maxim of relation
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relevancy of you input to the interaction
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Maxim of manner
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brevity, clarity, and amount of order to your input
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