Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Descartes
|
Thinking is the essence of humans, anything that can think is human.
Mind and body exist and interact The body is a machine Can study the body as a material object |
|
|
Mind body problem
|
How can two entities interact that by nature can't interact.
ex: ghosts can't interact with humans physically |
|
|
Materialism
|
Onl the physical realm is real
|
|
|
Derived ideas
|
due to experience
|
|
|
Innate ideas:
|
not due to experience, built in us
|
|
|
Empiricism
|
knowledge that came through the senses
all ideas are derived ideas innate ideas do not exist |
|
|
Association
|
connecting ideas together
|
|
|
Immanuel Kant
|
said we do not have innate knowledge
Influence: Idea that we imposed order on the world |
|
|
Wilhelm Wundt
|
Found of psychology
brought philosophy and physiology together studied immediate conscious experience: giving someone a stimulus and observing how they react immediately |
|
|
introspection
|
analyzing one's own sensations and reporting them as objectively possible
-used in kanas labratory studies |
|
|
Functionalism;
Influences on Americans |
1. Practical
2.Darwinism; What is the survival value of a trait -social darwinism: people who rise to the top have the traits to do so random variation and selection |
|
|
Functionalism opened up psychology, how?
|
Subjects: children, mentally ill, different sexes, different cultures
Subject matter: behavior, thinking, problem solving, emotions Methods: introspection, observations, physiology |
|
|
William James
|
wrotte PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY
highly influential, examined many topics about thinking still being studied -promoted many methods to study many topics -behaviorism |
|
|
Behaviorism
|
focuses only on observable, objective reactions
-observable behavior can be studied scientifically -internal events and thinking cannot |
|
|
6 criticisms of Intropspection
|
1. paying attention to thinking may change thinking
2. relies on memory (memory can be faulty) 3. may not know whats going on in your own mind 4. cant use introspection with infants animals and some people with mental illnesses 5. different results with different researchers 6. to whom do the results generalize? |
|
|
Behaviorism's contribution to psychology
|
-rigor in research
|
|
|
Operational definition
|
defining a concept by the way it is measured
|
|
|
Rise of modern cognitive psychology
|
disenchantment with behaviorism
-nom chanskys attack on b.f skinners book "verbal behavior" -popularity of jean piagets theory of cognitive development -rise of computers and information theory |
|
|
Alan Turing
|
-laid the foundation of the modern digital computer in a mathematical proof
Universal turing machine: -can immitate any information processing device -if human thinking is information processing, then thinking can be imitated on a turing machine |
|
|
Information processing approach
|
1. a mental process can be best understood by comparing it with the operations of a computer
2. a mental process can be interpreted as information progressing through the system in stages, one step at a time |
|
|
parallel distributing processing approach
PDP |
modeled on computers
-based on brain functioning Characteristics: 1. mental operations occur simultaneously (in parallel) 2. a thought process occurs over a large area in the brains cortex 3. a node is a mental equivalent of a neuron 4. an activated node can affect another node (forming networks, can learn) |
|
|
Cognitive neuroscience
|
Combines the research techniques of psychology with methods for assessing the structure and function of the brain
|
|
|
brain lesions
|
destruction of the brain tissue
Cautions: not neatly controlled |
|
|
CT (computerized tomography)
|
shows structure
NOT function |
|
|
PET (positron emission tomography)
|
gives degree of activity
|
|
|
MRI (magnetic resonance immaging)
fMRI function.. |
views an image of activity, used more than PET in cognitive research, no radioactive injections, can measure activity across shorter intervals of time
-can measure activities over smaller areas of the brain |
|
|
EEG (electroencephalogram)
|
graphical representation of activity in the brains cortex
|
|
|
ERP (event related potentials)
|
type of EEG
-records tiny fluctuations in the brains electrical activity in response to stimulus -present stimulus many times to subject and record responses -average across many trials -eleminates backround noise |
|
|
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
|
-can stimulate or inhibit (reversible lesions) activity in parts of the cortex
|
|
|
Reversible lesions
|
Inhibitions in parts of the brain that can be produced by TMS
|
|
|
Cognitive Science
|
interdisciplanary field that examines questions about the mind
-cognitive psychology -neuroscience -philosophy -anthropology -sociology -economics -work on the basis that thinking involves internal representation of the external world |
|
|
cognitive psychology
|
branch of psychology that emphasizes peoples knowledge and mental processes
-the psychological study of thinking |
|
|
ecological validity
|
the condition in which reasearch is conducted should be similar to the natural setting to which the results will be applies
|
|
|
artificial intelligence AI
|
a branch of computer science, seeks to explore human cognitive processes by creating computer models that accomplish the same tasks that humans do
|
|
|
the computer metaphor
|
our cognitive processes work like a computer, that is, a machine that processes information quickly and accurately
|
|
|
PURE AI
|
an approach that seeks to accomplish a task efficiently as possible, even if the computers processes are completely different from the processes that are used by humans
-chess |
|
|
computer simulation
|
goal is to design a system that resembles the way humans actually perform a specific cognitive task
(language, processing, problem solving, logical reasoning) |
|
|
perception
|
use of previous knowledge to gather and interpret the stimuli registered by our senses
-add meaning to incoming stimulation -the information has changed |
|
|
object recognition
|
same as pattern recognition
identification of a complex arrangement of sensory stimuli |
|
|
distal stimulus
|
actual object in the world
|
|
|
proximal stimulus
|
information registered as sensory receptors
|
|
|
blind spot
|
area where the optic nerve exits the eye
-no receptors, yet we "see" things in this area -retina "guesses" what is there |
|
|
contrast effects
|
enhancement of perceived differences between stimuli next to one another
|
|
|
saccades
|
ballistic eye movements
-allow things to appear smooth and flows -1 to 3 per second -put together scenes from these movements -blue during saccade is suppressed due to reading |
|
|
blinking
|
10 to 12 blinks per minute
reading- blink when moving our eyes from line to line and turning the page -brain actively suppresses visual processing during blinking |
|
|
gesalt psychology
|
humans have basic tendencies to organize what we see
-whole is more/diferent than the sum of its parts |
|
|
figure ground
|
we organize two areas with a common boundary into figure and ground
|
|
|
figure
|
definite shape, seems closer to us, more dominant than backround
|
|
|
ground
|
seems to continue behind the figure
vase-faces effect |
|
|
illusionary countours
|
figures in which we see edges even thought they are not physically present
-visual neurons act as if contours are really there |
|
|
template matching theory
|
"cookie cutter theory"
-compares a template with mental templates -choose closest match -> stimulus is cookie, template is cookie cutter inflexible, recognition is inflexible |
|
|
templates
|
specific patterns stored in memory
|
|
|
problem of template matching theory
|
we would need an astronomical number of templates
|
|
|
feature analysis theory
|
a visual stimulus is composed of a number of distinctive features
-store a list of features for each object, when we see something we compare its features with a list of stored features, the closest match is recognized as that object |
|
|
distinctive feature
|
a characteristic or component of a stimulus
|
|
|
research for feature analysis theory
|
takes longer to decide if two letters are different if they show more features
David hubel and tartson wiesels |
|
|
Feature detector:
|
a neuron that responds selectively to a specific stimulus (horizontal bar, angles, movement)
|
|
|
problems of feature analysis theory
|
list of features alone does not describe an objet
-the relationship of features to one another is essential -important features of complex objects can be difficult to specify |
|
|
recognition by components theory (irving biedman)
|
objects are represented by simple 3-d shapes
|
|
|
geons
|
geometrical icons
there are 24 |
|
|
advantages of recognition by components theory
|
simple theory
-can recognize objects from any view points -can recognize partially covered geons |
|
|
problems of recognition by components theory
|
recognition can take longer from some view points
|
|
|
how is recognition by components theory similar to language?
|
a few building blocks are used to produce many thoughts or images
|
|
|
view-centered approach
|
form of recognition by components approach
-if objects at unusual angles, we rotate the mental image to match the stored view -some objects dont have a specific shape, but we dont have a problem recognizing |
|
|
bottom up processing
|
cognitive processing that emphasizes the information obtained from physical stimuli
-parts of stimuli are built up to form a representation of an object -performed stage by stage until recognition occurs -feature detection and recognition by component theories |
|
|
top down processing
|
conceptually driven processing
-cognitive processing that emphasizes the influence of concepts, expectations, and memory -information already stored influences perception |
|
|
influence of top down processing
|
reading- if processed every feature of every letter of every word would have to analyze 5000 features per minute
-word superiority effect: a single letter can be identified more accurately and rapidly when it appears in a word than when it appears alone or in a string of unrelated studies -proof readers illusion: proof readers over looking spelling errors because of difficulty of suppressing higher level processing, knows what should be there |
|
|
ambiguous figures
|
same pattern on the retina, but the perception changes with larger viewing
EX; necker cube |
|
|
relative size
|
objects appear smaller the further away they are
|
|
|
shadows
|
set to see shadows from overhead light
|
|
|
PDP- paralell distribution processing (connectionist)
|
one of the few models to integrate top down and bottom up processing
|
|
|
Monocular (requires only one eye) cues to depth perception
|
top- down because adding depth to 2-d pictures
-due to experience |
|
|
overlap
|
objects behind other objects are perceived as being father away
|
|
|
linear perspective
|
parallel lines appear to converge in the distance
|
|
|
aerial perspective
|
nearby objects are brighter and sharper than distant objects
|
|
|
Differential inversion effect
|
greater difficulty in recognizing unusual features in an inverted image of human faces than images of other objects
|
|
|
preferential looking method
|
if an infant consistently looks longer at one stimulus feature than another, then the infant is discriminating between the two
|
|
|
earliest recorded age for face preference
|
53 minutes
|
|
|
what feature do 5-7 month old focus on
|
eyes, especially eyes focused straight ahead
|
|
|
what do 4-6 month olds recognize
|
faces
|
|
|
how do 4-6 month olds differentiate
|
different expressions
|
|
|
what face do 4-6 month olds prefer
|
their mothers faces, attractive faces
|
|
|
how is attractiveness determined
|
college students ratings
|
|
|
what feature do adults find attractive on babies
|
their eyes
|
|
|
physiogamy
|
pseudoscience (not valid) of judging personality from features of the face
|
|
|
composite photography (portraiture)
|
combining images of faces to produce one face that is their "Average"
the more faces averaged, the better looking the face is rated |
|
|
Agnosia
|
impairment of the ability to recognize or identify familiar objects, entities, or people
|
|
|
prosopagnasia
|
impaired ability to recognize once familiar faces
-posterior hemisphere of the brain -infero temporal cortex -not limited to processing faces |
