Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
frontal lobe
|
Broca's area - controls motor aspects of speech
|
|
|
temporal lobe
|
language comprehension, Wernicke's area (left), audition, facial recognition (inferior temporal)
Squires - medial temporal lobe responsible for declarative memory |
|
|
parietal lobe
|
sematosenses, reading, attentional behavior, damage to R causes visual neglect
|
|
|
occipital lobe
|
visual processing
|
|
|
Hebbian learning (synapse)
|
attributed to D.O. Hebb; when repeated stimulation from one or two neurons onot another results in increased synaptic efficiency; could explain classical conditioning
|
|
|
long-term potentiation
|
refers to increase in the voltage of a graded potential at the post-synaptic neuron due to previous rapid firing of the pre-synaptic neuron --> simple form of memory
|
|
|
visual agnosia
|
inability to recognize common objects in the absence of blindness and amnesia, associated with occipital and temporal lobe damage
|
|
|
prospagnosia
|
inability to recognize normally familiar faces in the absence of blindness or amnesia, associated with inferior temporal lobe damage
|
|
|
CT (CAT) scan
|
computerized axial tomography of horizontal slices of brain
|
|
|
PET scan
|
radioactive isotopes injected and absorbed by brain
|
|
|
brain potential images (BPI)
|
color coded images of brain electrical activity at the scalp
|
|
|
Left visual field
|
project to right hemisphere if offset from central fixation point by at least 2 degrees of visual angle
|
|
|
right visual field
|
project to left hemisphere if offset from central fixation point by at least 2 degrees of visual angle
|
|
|
cerebral commissurotomy
|
surgical severing of the neural-fiber system connecting the 2 hemispheres between the longitudinal fissure
|
|
|
left hemisphere-based processing
|
'verbal' in nature
|
|
|
right hemisphere-based processing
|
'spatial-pictorial'
|
|
|
anterograde amnesia
|
inability to learn new info after major brain insult
|
|
|
retrograde amnesia
|
inability to remember info learned prior to brain concussion
|
|
|
Broca's area
|
Left frontal lobe, motor movements of speech
|
|
|
Wernicke's area
|
left temporal lbe, semantic understanding
|
|
|
Korsakoff's syndrome
|
neurological disease produced by long-term alcohol abuse and Vitamin B deficiency - retrograde and anterograde loss of memory
|
|
|
Iconic store (sensory register)
|
short-lived (100-500msec) sensory register or pictorial memory for visual stimuli; b/c retinal receptors can reatin image for longer than what is present in environment
|
|
|
Echoic store (sensory register)
|
analogue of the iconic store for audition, persist for longer periods (2 sec)
|
|
|
3-component model/Multi-Store model
|
originally proposed by Broadbent, refined by Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)
Sensory Register (1 sec) --> encode into short-term store (10-20sec) --> long-term store (permanent) Info from STM stored in LTM by rehearsal |
|
|
hierarchial network model
|
model of semantic memory, concepts are stored in sptial arrangements according to nature of relationships, cognitive economy - high level not repeated at low levels
|
|
|
Association by Co-occurance
|
words which have frequently occured together in the past verbal history of the organism will serve as semantic primes for each other
|
|
|
Spreading Activation Network Model
|
semantic storing and processing is based on complex network in which simple associations are linked together
Strong associations are stores near each other so activated together |
|
|
maintenance rehearsal
|
reinterative verbal behavior (overt or covert) which protects the integrity of information in STM
|
|
|
elaborative rehearsal
|
rehearsal with the objective of semantically associating new info with previously learned information
|
|
|
Levels of Processing Model (Craik)
|
degree to which new info is meaningfully associated with learned info.
Semantic coding is 'deeper' code than acoustic coding (rote repitition) b/c requires greater resources of knowledge than sound recognition processes |
|
|
encoding
|
transformation of information into formats (codes) that can be stored. Formats may be modality dependent. Include auditory/verbal, pictorial, propositional formats
|
|
|
spread of encoding
|
long term storage of new information depends on the associative links made with existing long-term storage
|
|
|
encoding distinctiveness
|
refers to enhanced ability to retrieve info which is uniquely encoded, such that there is minimal interference with competing information
|
|
|
attentional resources
|
durability of memory is porportional to the amount of attenion devoted to information at the time of encoding
|
|
|
engram
|
a trace, a collection of neural charges, and/or synaptic growths that represent a specific memory or learned behavior
Lashley, Thompson... |
|
|
Law of Mass Action
|
Lashley, memory deficients are proportional to the amount of brain damage.
Doesn't matter where, but how much of cortex is damages |
|
|
Law of Equipotentiality
|
Lashley, memory is distributed throughout the brain and is not localized
|
|
|
Flashbulb memory
|
vivid memory associated with some emotional event, unusual amounts of detail
|
|
|
Serial Position Effects
|
list of info retreived non-randomly, such that early info in list is remembered (primacy effect) and info at terminal end remembered (recency effect) but info in middle is forgotten
|
|
|
Proactive interference
|
inability to remember recent info die to previously (older) learned info
|
|
|
retroactive interference
|
inability to temember previously learned info due to recently learned info
|
|
|
Landmark test
|
test for position-memory using objects to cue future position of food. Parietal monkeys fail to benefir from cue for future position
|
|
|
Delayed non-matching to sample test
|
test for object recognition. Subjects must discrimination between new and familiar objects in order to determine location of food. Food always nearest to new object. Inferior temporal lobe damage fail at task
|
|
|
cognitive map
|
first proposed by Tolman, internal represenation of the environment
|
|
|
mental rotation
|
mental/physiological manipulation and movement of pictorial information by memory processes
|
|
|
Descriptive (or propositional) representation
|
symbolic language capable of representing logical and spatial relations between entities. Propositions require definate syntax, lexicon for interpretation, and 'assembler' for execution of propositinal commands. Representaional format not limited to images but can be used in all forms of cognition
|
|
|
categorical image of representation
|
used by Kosslyn for codes which brain uses to process 'letter' info. Letter segments and represtive positions in space are thought to be stored separately. Individual segments are stored pictorially, when retrievaed are assembled by propositional (verbal) instructions about location to form letter images. Left-hemisphere based
|
|
|
coordinate-based image representation
|
precise pictorial representaion which is retreived and analyzed much like images on a computer CRT. Each part of the image corresponds to some part of an external referent. Images are generated from a particular perspective or point of view. Memory representaion is limited and can overflow, just like ZOOM mode
|
|
|
phoneme
|
basic acoustic units of spoken language distinguished by the place and manner of articulation. removal of phoneme from word can go unnoticed
|
|
|
morpheme
|
basic unit of meaning, removal of a morpheme changes the meaning of the word
|
|
|
categorical perception
|
perception of phonemes as discrete states
|
|
|
classical conditionins
|
Pavlov's dogs, different form of neural circuitry
|
|
|
Law of Effects
|
rewarded behaviors
|
|
|
Procedural memory
|
behavior recur, punished
|
|
|
Decay 'forgetting'
|
Ebbinghaus (1885)
|
|
|
Primacy Effect
|
first words remembered b/c repeated lots
|
|
|
Recency Effect
|
last words remembered b/c still in STM
|
|
|
Proactive interference
|
old info interferes with new info
|
|
|
retroactive interference
|
new info interferes with old
|
|
|
Loftus & Palmer (1974)
|
eyewitness testimony altered by word choice, change in response/memory depending on how frame event - accurancy of long-term memory
|
|
|
semantic memory
|
'encyclopedic' memory of facts, vocab, meaning
|
|
|
Craik and Tulving (1975)
|
physical, rhyme, semantic questions - test memory for target words = semantic easily correct, then rhyming, then pysical
|
|
|
Craik and Watson (1973)
|
Memorize word sets, told last 4 were most important, at end, lask 4 remembered least
|
|
|
short-term memory
|
Hebb, reverberating circuits (passive electrical flow), last for a few seconds
|
|
|
Long-term memory
|
Hebb, consolidated changes in neural circuits, new growth permanent
|
|
|
H.M.
|
anterograde amnesia
1. Can retain new material for years 2. can remember life before surgery 3. cannot put STM into LTM 4. can learn simple procedures 5. can be classically conditioned |
|
|
Retrograde amnesia
|
concussion interferes with old
|
|
|
anterograde amnesia
|
concussion interfers with new
|
|
|
Alzheimer's Disease
|
1. beta-amyloid plaques - protein deposits (build up)
2. neurofiberilary tangles 3. slow memory degeneration: onset 50 years 4. aware of performance decrements5. severe loss of Ach (actecholine) in cortex 5. no cure, no know cause |
|
|
Squire (1991) - medial temporal lobe memory
|
Declarative (working, conscious recollecion) = semantic and episodic; 4 parts surrounding hippocampus and amygdala - para-(surrounding) and Peri-(covering, around)
|
|
|
Interpositus nucleus (of cerebellum) lesion
|
Thompson, beleive found classical conditioning engram - temporal pole (faces, people), mid-inferiotemporal (animals), posterior inferiortemporal (tool)
|
|
|
non-declarative memory
|
non-conscious learning; habits, classical conditioning, associative priming
|
|
|
Squires conclusions amnesia with medial temporal lobe
|
1. STM is spared
2. procedural memory is spared 3. memory deficit is made worse by rentention delays 4. impairment evident in all sensory modalities 5. impairment is permanent |
|
|
Zola-Morgan and Squire (1990)- 2 choice discrimination tasks
|
Monkey's trained in word pairs, H+ (hippocampus and surround) removed, retest on discrimination task = accuracy decrease except for last task
|
|
|
Heirarchial/Redundant
|
every level of hierarchy has same items of thinfgs below - redundant storage
|
|
|
Hierarchical/Non-Redundant
|
majornodes in heirarchy linked - only unique items associated with nodes so no repeats
|
|
|
Nonheirarchical/Non-redundant
|
clusters organized by category
|
|
|
Collins & Quillan (1969) - heirarchial network model
|
further along path/level = increased reaction time = support heirarchial model
1. Knowledge stored heirarchialy 2. cognitive economy without redundant information 3. RT increases as distance in semantic relationship increases |
|
|
confouding of co-occurance
|
words which appear together freqently will prduce faster primed responses
|
|
|
Conrad (1972) - co-occurance and frequency
|
high vs. low frequency along level. High has slower RT
|
|
|
Collins and Loftus (1975) - spreading activation model
|
info linked by co-occurance, abandon heirarchial model, introduce idea of 'semantic distance'
|
|
|
Shepard & Meltzer (1971) - rotation
|
1. Rotation is at constant speed
2. Rotation can be performed in all dimensions more rotations = increased reaction time |
|
|
Brooks (1968)- visual and auditory interference
|
sentence scan - aloud longest RT, tap/point quick RT
figure scan - aloud quickest, longest is point |
|
|
Tolman & Hunzik (1930)
|
cognitive maps? laten learning? purposive behavior?
|
|
|
mirrow neurons - Rizzolatti et al (1996)
|
beleive activated with goal-oriented beavior
|
|
|
Pylyshn's concerns about image/mental imagry
|
1. People do not to lose/forget 'peices' like torn corners, they lose the most meaningful aspects of an image
2. Mental pics need 'minds eye' 3. subject behavior does NOT refelct properties of images, but properties of instructions |
|
|
Potential criticism of split-brain studis
|
1. patients have long term of epilepsey
2. patients rare, so used in multiple experiments 3. not all split-brain subject used - how reprsentative are patients who are used? 4. Phenomena is now very famous - Do patient respons based on prior knowledge ot demand characteristics |
