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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What Shapes our Mind?
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Interplay of social/cultural processes, evolutionary processes and active psychological processes
Dynamic interaction between biology and culture Interplay between innate capabilities and constraints and our interaction with the environment (physical, social, symbolic) |
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Structuralism
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Components of mental processes
(like the periodic table of elements, but for mental processes) |
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Functionalism
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Function of mental processes
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Gestalt Psych
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The pattern, not the components.
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Behaviorism
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Observable behavior only
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Cognitive Psych
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Studying the mind
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Basic concepts of Cognitive Psych
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mental representations
mental processes knowledge structures serial vs parallel processing |
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Cognitive Neuropsychology
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Brain damage and cognition
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Information Processing Assumptions
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Information is mentally represented…
….. in a specific code and specific format Information is processed in stages Information is processed serially (one step at a time) Information is stored in different places in the process (e.g. perceptual memory, short term memory, long term memory) |
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Connectionism Assumptions
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Mind is a network of simple units (nodes)
Nodes are connected to others in the network A node has a level of activation at a given time Level of activation increases when activation from other, connected nodes Parallel processing: many simultaneous processes Connection between two nodes has a weight (a strength) Positive weight of the connection increases the level of activation of the two nodes Negative weight decreases it. Sufficient activation of a node produces excitation of that node – it ‘fires’ and it activates all connected nodes with positively weighted connections Again, those processes go on in parallel |
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Evolutionary Approach Assumptions
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Two different kinds of assumptions:
General: The general cognitive capabilities we have (e.g. language) and the organization of the human brain are the product of evolution Specific: The particular processes we have in particular domains are shaped by challenges our evolutionary ancestors encountered (Cosmides and Tooby). E.g. mate selection, reasoning about costs and benefits. |
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Ecological Approach Assumptions
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Cognitive processes are shaped by the context in which they occur and by culture
Everyday cognition Cultural and cross cultural approaches to cognition (Method: Naturalistic observations, sometimes with experimentation) |
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Hypothalamus
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Regulates basic biological functions, including hunger, thirst, temperature, and sexual arousal
also involved in emotions |
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Amygdala
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Involved in memory, emotion, and aggression
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Hippocampus
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Involved in learning, memory, and emotion
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Medulla
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Controls vital functions such as breathing and heart rate
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Spinal Cord
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Transmits signals between brain and rest of body
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Cerebellum
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Controls coordinated movement
also involved in language and thinking |
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Thalamus
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Switching station for sensory information
also involved in memory |
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The brain and the mind: comments
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Two levels of explanation: cognitive or neural
Localization of functions. But: Connection between different areas Plasticity of the brain Lateralization of functions. But: Communication between hemispheres Individual differences |
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Sensation
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immediate information from the sense organs, the proximal stimulus (e.g. the retinal image)
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Perception
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making sense of the sensory information to form a percept (e.g. “a straight line”; ”an angle”; the color red)
*Pattern recognition and Perception are closely related.* |
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Pattern Recognition
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recognizing that the object is a certain kind of object (e.g. ”a cup”)
*Pattern recognition and Perception are closely related.* |
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3 types of processes involved in pattern recognition and perception
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Bottom Up
Top Down Gestalt |
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Bottom Up Processes
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sometimes called 'data driven'
start with elementary information to build a percept or a higher order representation |
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Top Down Processes
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sometimes called ‘conceptually driven’
Use concepts, expectations, or assumptions or contextual information to process the information |
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Gestalt Properties
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sometimes called 'holistic processes'
perception is shaped by the entire array of stimuli |
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Bottom up: Template Matching
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compare stimulus to a stored template. Need exact match with the template.
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Bottom up: Prototype Matching
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compare stimulus to a stored prototype of the class of objects. The prototype has many features common to instances in the class. Need approximate match with the prototype.
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Bottom up: Feature Analysis
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Features of letters (Gibson, Neisser)
Geons as features in scene recognition (Biederman) Neuroscientific evidence for feature analysis in visual perception (Hubel and Wiesel) Different cones/rods in the eyes perceive different angles. | / - \ | |
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Word Superiority Effect
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Easier to find a letter when it is included in a real word.
Find the 'e' e, read, aerd |
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What we've learned about Shape Perception:
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Involves some feature analysis (e.g. Hubel and Wiesel)
Feature analysis alone not sufficient- Some top down processes Global (as opposed to local) determinants of shape perception: Gestalt properties (e.g. Texture and Pattern; closure) Subjective contours (uses global, not local information) Occlusion information Conceptually driven processes in shape perception “The man ran.” (context effect) Word superiority effect Feature analysis and top down processes work together Word superiority effect Palmer demonstration (pumpkin) |
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General Properties of Attention
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It is a central function
It works in a top-down manner: Executive control mechanism There are limits to this executive control Processing can become automatic |
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3 lines of attention research:
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Selective Attention
Focused Attention Divided Attention |
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Questions about Selective Attention:
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What happens to the unattended information?
How do we select certain stimuli and tune out others? Do we remain able to respond to some unattended stimuli? |
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Cherry's Experiment: What happens to unattended input
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COCKTAIL PHENOMENON
(a) information about meaning is not processed (switch to another language and switch to reverse speech are not detected) (b) only the sensory information is processed (switch of voice and switch to non-speech signal are detected) |
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Broadbent's Filter Model
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Attention acts as a filter (early in the process)
Meaning information from the unattended channel does not go through the filter. Only sensory information does go through. |
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Treisman's Shadowing Study:
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Triesman found that if she suddenly switched the messages to the opposite ears, in the middle of a sentence, the subjects "crossed over" to other ear for a few seconds to complete the sentence. For example, if the voice going into one ear said, "To be or not to be..." and a moment later the same voice, in the other ear, said "...that is the question," subjects would shadow the whole sentence, which violated their instructions because they were supposed to pay attention only to one ear. Treisman thereby confirmed what Cherry suspected: subjects do monitor the information in the unattended ear, even if they screen most of it out.
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Priming
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When you hear the beginning of a sentence and prime the end of the sentence, because you know that the end must make logical sense with the beginning.
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Treisman's Attenuation theory
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Attention is an attenuator
Some unattended information can go through when: when it is familiar (own name) when it is primed (e.g. by prior meaning) |
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Unattended information can go through the attentional selective
mechanism when: |
It is familiar (own name)
It is primed (Treisman’s study – primed through meaning) Processing has become automatic through practice (Stroop effect) So: There are limits to attention’s executive control |
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Late selection theory of attention (Deutsch and Deutsch)
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All stimuli are processed initially for some aspects of meaning
Selection of what information to attend to occurs later |
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Schema model of attention (Neisser)
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Skilled perceiving. Unwanted material is never picked up
Unwanted material is ignored. Comment: Almost same predictions as Filter theory – different metaphor Metaphor used in book is that of an apple tree. You only pay attention to the info/apple that you pick. the rest of the info/apples are left ignored on the tree. |
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Models of Selective Attention
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Attention as filter (Broadbent)
Attention as attenuator (Treisman) Late selection theories (Deutsch and Deutsch) Schema theory (Neisser) |
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Questions Regarding Focused Attention:
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What kind of processing requires focused attention?
What kind of processing does not require focused attention? |
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Ann Treisman’s Feature Integration Theory
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Single Features:
Are processed through feature analysis Parallel processing Preattentive processing (no need for focused attention) Conjunction of features: Need to construct an integrated figure Serial processing Need focused attention Without focused attention: illusory conjunctions “Attention is the glue that glues features together” -Treisman Study in which there is a table of letters. Some Red 'Y's' and some Green 'O's'. People mix them together and recall seeing Green 'Y's' It's easy to find a 'Y' or an 'O', but when asked to look for more than one dimension, such as a green or red 'Y' or 'O', it is much more difficult because they must be integrated. |
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4 Approaches to Memory
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Atkinson and Shiffrin’s information processing model
Working memory model (Baddeley) Levels of processing approach (Craik and Lockhart) Connectionist approach |
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Sperling Experiment
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letters in a 3/4 grid.
A S Y H U K L T B R P N Whole report condition: Report as many as you can Partial report condition - High, medium or low tone after the stimulus presentation: Report top, middle or bottom line Delay of the tone varies across conditions |
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Main properties of Short Term Memory (Atkinson and Shiffrin
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Short duration of the memory trace (30sec-2min) if not rehearsed
Rehearsal (active control mechanism) maintains the memory trace No recoding No reorganization Limited capacity (“7 plus or minus 2”) |
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Brown/Peterson Paradigm
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Try to hold the letters in memory. And:
Count backwards aloud by threes from 567 HFP Delay in Recall as time passes. |
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Release from proactive interference in STM when presenting new material (Wickens first experiment)
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When learning multiple lists of words, if the lists are of similar things (letters or numbers), after each consecutive list, performance decreases.
However, if the items in the list are novel, such as a list of numbers following the lists of letters, performance increases. |
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Wickens et al second experiment: Materials and design
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4 trials.
First 3 trials- memorize 3 fruits fourth trial- memorize 3 occupations/meats/vegetables/flowers Release of Proactive Interference occurred during 4th trial. The groupings least similar with fruits (ie. occupations) showed the most improvement. |
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Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory
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Phonological Loop Visuo-Spacial Sketchpad
\ / Central Executive | Long term memory |
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Memory Span and Pronunciation Rate
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The more syllables in each word, the harder to remember.
English is easy for numbers one- two- three- four- five hebrew is harder echad- shtayim- shalosh- arbah- chamesh |
