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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Concentrating on specific environmental features for further processing while deselecting others
Required for cognitive functions: perception (5 senses), memory, language "Gatekeeper for consciousness" |
Attention
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Exclusion of certain features of the environment
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Selective Attention
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Including features of the environment is _______ in capacity and timing. type of attention
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limited
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We consciously attend to some stimuli
Others grab our attention involuntarily |
Overt/Endogenous
Cover/Exogenous |
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This may be defined as local and transient selection due to sensory processing
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Attention
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Integration of various attributes to form object representation
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Binding
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What must all attention models be able to sufficiently do?
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Describe attended and unattended information
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Ability to focus on one/few messages and ignore most/all others
Humans and animals do not attend to a large portion of information in the environment |
Selective Attention
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In what model is information filtered out before meaning is ascribed?
There is only a single channel that is processed for meaing |
General Early Selection Filter Model
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How does information travel in Broadbent's model?
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Sensory store to Filter to Detector to STM to immediate use or LTM
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What happens in Broadbent's sensory store? filter?
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SS: info is held for a short amount of time, no processing occurs
Filter: Identifies and processes for physical properties only. Mainly describes auditory: voice, pitch, speed, accent, location |
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Where in Broadbent's does information get processed on a higher level, for meaning?
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Detector
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What evidence is used to support Broadbent's Early model?
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Dichotic Listening Task of 2 sentences being presented
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What does Broadbent's Early evidence state?
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If multiple stimuli are presented simultaneously, one gains access to filter based on physical properties.
Other remains in buffer or decays, prevents overload |
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What are the implications of Broadbent's theory?
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Attention to stimuli is based on physical properties of it
Meaning isn't ascribed until post-filter Unattended info has no impact on behavior because it decays Only attended info impacts behavior* |
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What is evidence against Broadbent's early filter theory? (4)
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Classical conditioning - Ss respond to shock-paired words in non-attended channel
Gray & Wedderburn's Dear Aunt Jane listening task: attended to semantic info in both ears, not single channel Moray's Name Recognition/ cocktail effect: Ss recognize own name in unattended ear Treisman's Modified Dichotic Task: shadow compound sentences which they split between ears |
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What is the main problem with Broadbent's early model?
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Unattended info does get through the filter and detector and is able to be immediately used from short term memory
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What are the main points in Treisman's Attenuated Filter Model?
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Attention is a matter of degree - some dials/channels are turned up more than others
Each channel has own attenuator Both physical and semantic (more than B's) cues impact attention |
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This analyzes incoming messages in terms of physical characteristics, language, and meaning
Attended message is let through this at full strength Unattended at weaker strength |
Attenuator
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How does information travel in Treisman's Model?
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Stimuli to Attenuator to Dictionary Unit to STM to immediate use or LTM
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What does it mean if a word in the dictionary unit has a low or high threshold?
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low means it is easier to activate with a weaker signal, like one's own name
High is harder to activate and needs a stronger signal |
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This holds stored words with different thresholds
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Dictionary Unit
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What is Treisman's main explanation for why unattended info may get into consciousness ("breakthrough")?
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The dictionary unit (words/stimuli with different thresholds)
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What did Strayer's research on distracted driving find?
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Drivers talking on the phone are 4 times more likely to cause a crash, are the same as having a BAC of .08
8 times more likely with texting Drivers overestimate ability to multitask |
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How did Broadbent account for Treisman's findings?
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Made a Modified model
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How is Broadbent's Modified model different?
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Says slippage may occur in the sensory store if attention is switched fast enough to this temporarily stored info, can then be passed through the filter
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What is the difference between leakage and slippage?
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Leakage is where unattended info gets through to STM
Slippage occurs when attention to info in sensory store is switched fast enough for it to be able to get through the filter |
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How did they test slippage?
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Lachter's Lexical Decision Task
50 ms to switch attention and determine if string of letters is actually a word When primed with doctor, more people correctly said nurse was a word |
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What would falsify Broadbent's theories?
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Evidence of leakage - would mean unattended info does get into STM
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What is the difference between Early and Late filter models of attention?
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E: meaning is ascribed to stimuli after selective filter and after info reaches consciousness
L: All stimuli will be processed for meaning in LTM, but only meaning of attended stimuli reaches consciousness (not all stimuli reaches consciousness) |
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What is Evidence for McKay's Late Filter Model?
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McKay's Dichotic Task - Ss sentences affected by the biasing words said in unattended ear, even though they had no awareness they did
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What is Treisman's and Geffen's Task for and what did it find?
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McKay's model: 8% of time, Ss would rap table when heard previously memorized word in unattended ear, demonstrating it affects behavior.
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What model states attention is a process of allocating limited resources to various inputs to achieve various outputs?
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Capacity Models
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In Kahneman's model, what is allocation of attention determined by?
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input: info streams available to resources and
Output: possible activities one could perform and evaluation of demands |
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What is different between capacity and filter models of attention?
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Streams move more in parallel in capacity, more about how much is possible to get through/how much energy it takes(could be none) rather than what does.
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What best explains automatic processing?
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Capacity
Occurs without effort or conscious awareness |
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What tests for automatic processing?
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Shiffrin and Schneider Stroop task - very effortful
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What is involved in Posner's test of Covert Attention?
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Central v. peripheral cues/endogenous v. exogenous cues
Moving attention is a cognitive phenomenon rather than a physical one Attention is a spotlight that enhances detection of events |
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What are Posner's 2 attentional systems?
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Endogenous and exogenous
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This system is controlled by the individual's intentions and expectations
involved with central cues top-down |
Endogenous
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This system automatically shifts attention
involved with peripheral cues stimuli is salient or differs from other stimuli bottom-up |
Exogenous
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Which of Posner's two systems is top-down? bottom up?
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TD: Endogenous - past knowledge
BU: Exogenous |
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What is the network in Posner's Endogenous system? Exogenous?
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Dorsal Fronto-parietal network - goal directed attention
Right hemisphere ventral fronto-parietal network - unexpected stimuli |
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How do Posner's two attentional systems work together?
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In the face of unexpected stimuli, ventral interrupts goal directed attention of the dorsal
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How does information travel in the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model?
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Sensory store to STM with rehearsal to LTM
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What is the capacity, duration, and coding in sensory store of AS Model
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Cap: unknown
Dur: less than a second (for visual/iconic) Echoic: 4-5 seconds Cod: raw sensory data |
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What is the capacity, duration, and coding in STM of AS model?
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Cap: 7 +/- 2 pieces of info
Dur: 20-30 seconds Cod: sensory data |
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What is the capacity, duration, and coding in LTM of AS model?
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Cap: virtually unlimited
Dur: lifetime potentially Cod: semantic and sensory - info gets meaning here |
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Who tested evidence for Sensory store of AS model and what did he test?
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George Sperling
Tested perceptual span and its duration and capacity Boxes of numbers and letters - remembered avg of 3-4 for whole box, remembered all for specific row Longer the delay, fewer words remembered, decay as we remember them |
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What does Sperling find a difference between in the type of memory he tested?
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Iconic and Echoic memory in Sensory
echoic lasts longer than visual icon images |
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Who tested evidence for STM of AS model and what did he test?
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George Miller
Digit span: evidence for capacity of STM, 7 +/- 2, but proposed idea of chunking, which helps remember more individual units |
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What are some control processes that get information from STM to LTM? can be automatic and/or voluntary
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Rehearsal, attentional strategies, organization and others
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Can STM be isolated from LTM and what is the evidence for it?
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Yes, in capacity, duration, and coding
Brown and Peterson Task - trigrams, a series of three items |
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The phenomenon whereby in a list of items, the position of an item impacts whether the item influences cognition/behavior
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Serial Positioning Effect
Testing STM |
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Why do we remember items best that came from the beginning of a list and what is this phenomenon called?
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Primacy effect - most rehearsed of the set
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Why do we remember items best that came from the end of a list and what is this phenomenon called?
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Recency effect - no delay in writing them down, still in sensory store
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Why are the middle items in a list not remembered as well?
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Short term memory already full of beginning words, given no time to rehearse them as they are listed
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What did the Brown-Peterson task with counting backwards result in?
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disrupts the end of list (recency) but not beginning (primacy)
Does not disrupt rehearsal of beginning of list |
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What did the Brown-Peterson task with words presented fast result in?
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Recency effect should occur, disrupts rehearsal of beginning
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How is it possible to mitigate interference in a certain part of the list?
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Trigrams presented with same semantic meaning, but the 5th one different, as easy to remember as the first one
Competition between similar semantic categories -> proactive interference |
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Previous information interrupts new information
Primacy effect interrupts subsequent info |
Proactive interference
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Current information disrupts previous information
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Retroactive interference
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What are the problems with the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model? (6)
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1. Can't rehearse info unless some is already in LTM
2. Hard to find data that LTM and STM are really different 3. Small STM should severely limit simultaneous mental processes 4. Passive transfer between stores 5. Semantic codes may actually be used in STM 6. Rehearsal does not explain all transfer, different types work better |
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What model provides a solution to the AS model's problem of distinguishing between STM and LTM?
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Shiffrin and Schneider
STM is a active subset of items in LTM called a node and are set in context with one another Associative bonds are activated when there is a relationship between the nodes |
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What does Baddeley's Working Memory Model state differently than the AS model?
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STM is not just temporary storage
There is a place for cognitive manipulation of limited information We are not severely limited in simultaneous mental processes |
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What demonstrates Baddeley's WM model?
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Dual Task - Those doing a spatial task (tapping) remembered more words than those doing a verbal task (happy birthday)
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This component of Baddeley's model holds and integrates diverse info
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Episodic buffer
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What are the four components of Baddeley's WM model?
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Phonological loop
Visuo-spatial sketchpad Episodic buffer Central Executive |
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What was short term store replaced with in Baddeley's model?
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Working memory
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Evidence for phonological loop
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Articulatory suppression
Word length effect Phonological similarity effect |
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Words that have more letters and more syllables are harder to remember
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Word length effect
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This is when speaking is an interference to the operation of the phonological loop
Word length effects no longer matter |
Articulatory Suppression
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What happens when listed words are phonologically similar in remembering?
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Recall a phonologically similar list worse than do a dissimilar list
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What are the two subcomponents of the phonological loop?
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passive phonological store
articulatory process |
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This subcomponent of the phonological loop is concerned with understanding what happens, perceives speech, auditory has direct access to store/visual has indirect
What brain area is it associated with? |
Passive phonological store
Left inferior parietal cortex (Wernicke's area more toward back) |
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This subcomponent of the phonological loop is linked to speech production
What area of the brain is it associated with? |
Articulatory process
Left inferior frontal cortex (Broca's area more toward front) |
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This component of Baddeley's model is the temporary store for visual and spatial information to be manipulated
works with shapes, colors, location and form motor planning |
Visuo-spatial sketchpad
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What is the evidence for the visuo-spatial sketchpad? (4)
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Recognition for visual info is high (10K pics presented, 83% distinguished novel from previous)
Visual features and object location are processed by different brain areas: ventral and dorsal, ventral was activated when asked if it was same face, dorsal activated if asked if it was in the same position Rotation tasks Exact visual representations are not stored |
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What did Ungerlieder and Haxby do?
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Ran test providing evidence for the visuo-spatial sketchpad
Visual features and object location are processed by different brain areas: same face or same location of face |
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What are the two subcomponents of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
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Visual cache
inner scribe |
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This subcomponent of the VSS stores info about visual form and color
Located in the ventral prefrontal cortex |
Visual cache
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This subcomponent of the VSS processes spatial and movement info, rehearses info from the store, transfers info to the central executive
Located in the dorsal prefrontal cortex |
Inner scribe
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What was unique about Patient NL?
Had a hypodensity in the right anterior parietal lobe |
This was a case of pure unilateral representational neglect, but it only affected what the person was imagining not seeing
Supported visuo-spatial deficits and components of Baddeley's WM model |
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What type of dissociation did Patient NL exhibit?
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Single dissociation
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What are limitations of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
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Many tasks require both components, but it's not yet clear how info is combined and integrated
Unclear why capacity is so large |
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This component of Baddeley's model coordinates info between the other systems, delegates cognitive resources, controls planning, attention, and info.
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Central Executive
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Why do Alzheimer's patients have impaired central executive systems?
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Dual task performance
They cannot do two of the same tasks at once if you account that they can do one at once Same pattern as typical people |
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What is it called when impairments are seen in the following different combos of planning, organizing, monitoring behavior, and initiating behavior
There is often damage to the frontal lobes: role in inhibiting actions, impulsivity |
Dysexecutive syndrome
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What is the main problem with the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model?
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Not all rehearsal is created equal
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What are the two types of rehearsal?
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Maintenance: simple iteration of info in same modality it was received in
Elaborative: adding semantic relevance while rehearsing, stronger and more stable |
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This model states that the longer and more thoroughly info is processed, the easier it is to retrieve
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Levels of Processing Model
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This model has memory as 3 main processes: encoding, storage and retrieval
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Tulving's LTM
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What are the two types of explicit memory?
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Episodic
Semantic (general knowledge) |
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What are the two types of implicit memory?
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Procedural (skills)
Perceptual (priming) |
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What is the cognitive evidence for different systems of memory?
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Implicit memory usually retained in amnestic patients while explicit is lost
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What brain areas are associated with explicit memory?
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Medial temporal lobe
Hippocampus Frontal cortex Thalamus |
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What brain areas are associated with implicit memory?
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Right occipital lobe
Basal ganglia Amygdala |
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What are the two types of amnesia?
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Psychogenic (psychological trauma)
Organic (physiological trauma) |
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The inability to form new memories after the onset of amnesia vs. the inability to remember events before the onset of amnesia
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Anterograde vs. Retrograde
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What brain area is associated clear episodic memory deficits?
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Medial temporal lobe
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What brain area is associated with more global deficits?
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Thalamic
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