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42 Cards in this Set

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Cognitive psychology

Scientific study of the mind

Francis Donders "additive factors"

Studied decision-making


Simple reaction time and choice reaction time



People respond on average a 10th of a second longer on choice reaction time

Ebbinghaus and forgetting

Remembered information decays overtime.



used "savings method" to plot a savings curve

Criticism:


Unable to objectively measure, prone to bias, limited practical applications, weaknesses caused backlash

Wundt and structuralism

Father of experimental psychology


Famous for analytic introspection and his student (Edward Titchenger created more rigid form called Structuralism (tried to break introspection into distinct categories)

William James – functionalism

Wrote principles of psychology and covered many modern topics of psychology (nature of memory, attention, perception

Benefits of behavioralism. All directly measurable. Theories of reinforcement are still relevant today.

John Watson – behavioralism

Founded behaviorism – D focus on psychology to observable and measurable behavior



Use the animal experiments to influence ideas about human behavior. Inspired by PAVLOV and classical conditioning

BF Skinner – behavioral psychologist

Develop operant conditioning. Showed how to shape behavior using positive and negative reinforcement

Noam Chomsky -linguist

Opposed dinner. Development of language cannot be explained solely through operant conditioning. Children will use incorrect grammar that has never been reinforced

Edward Tolman- rats

Performance equals doing what learned. Performance requires motivation learning does not



Latent learning – rats walking in a maze with no food still learn course regardless of motivation

Sensory: afferent


Motor: efferent

The cognitive revolution

The cognitive revolution

Cognitive neuroscience

Physiological basis of cognition



Why study it? Brain imaging used in modern cognitive psychology research

Neurons: building block of cognition

Nerve net: continuous pathway for conducting on interrupted signals between neurons

Frontal

Reasoning and planning. Language, thought, memory, motor functioning



Emotion control and personality. Coordinates information between senses

Parietal

Touch, temperature, pain and pressure, attent storage

Parietal

Touch, temperature, pain and pressure, attent storage

Temporal

Auditory and perceptual processing. Language, hearing, memory, perceiving forms

Prefrontal cortex

"High cognitive function"



Unconcerned with precise sensory or motor details.


Decision-making. Working memory. Executive function

Perception

Recognizing, organizing, interpreting information from senses.

Sensation

Absorbing raw energy through our sensory organs (light waves and sound waves)

Transduction

Conversion of this energy to neural signals

Attention

Concentration of mental energy to process incoming information

Perception

Selecting, organizing, and interpreting the signals

Bottom up processing - behavioral

Perception comes from stimuli in the environment. Parts are identified and put together, and then recognition Occurs.

Top-down processing - (constructive perspective)

People actively construct perceptions using information based on context, experience and expectations


Occurs quickly and automatically

Law of good continuation

Line and to be seen as following The smoothest path

Law of similarity

Similar things appear to be grouped together

Law of familiarity

Things more likely to form groups in groups are familiar or meaningful

Law of proximity

Things near to each other appear grouped together

Gestalt laws of perceptual organization

Reflect experience, used unconsciously, occasionally misleading



They are cognitive heuristics

Algorithm

Procedure guaranteed to solve the problem. SLow and definite results

Heuristic "rule of thumb"

Provide best guess solution to a problem "quick and dirty". Often correct.

Single dissociation

Can determine if a brain region is used in a task, but not necessarily independent of other areas

Gestalt laws of perceptual organization

Reflect experience, used unconsciously, occasionally misleading



They are cognitive heuristics

Algorithm

Procedure guaranteed to solve the problem. SLow and definite results

Heuristic "rule of thumb"

Provide best guess solution to a problem "quick and dirty". Often correct.

Single dissociation

Can determine if a brain region is used in a task, but not necessarily independent of other areas

Double dissociation

Can determine if 2 brain regions have independent functions of each other

Mirror neurons

Occurs in premotor cortex. Respond to both taking an action and observing something else taking that action.



Understanding others actions, understanding language, imitation, may be relevant to deficits in autism

Shadowing experiment – Cherry, 1953

Dichotic listening:



And put it under attended channel little notice – even when language thing

Broadbents filter model

Early selection

Early selection

Late selection

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