Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What field has cognitive science impacted?
|
education
linguistics neuroscience psychology |
|
|
What does the study of cognitive science include
|
AI
Attention Learning Memory Perception |
|
|
What are research methods for cog sci?
|
behavioral
brain imaging computational |
|
|
What are some examples of brain imaging?
|
MEG, Optical imaging, PET, EEG, etc
|
|
|
T/F
Attention plays a critical role in all aspects of perception, cognition, & action, and influences the choices we make |
True
|
|
|
How did William James define attention?
|
As the taking possession by the mind of one out what seems like several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought.
|
|
|
What is the cocktail party phenomenon?
Who came up with that? |
-ability to focus listening attention on a single talker when there is a mix of convos/background noise around.
Cherry in 1953 |
|
|
Describe the
Filter Theory |
Broadbent 1958
1st complete model of attention Saw attention as an all-or-nothing process controlled by a temporary buffer store and a filter in the nervous system |
|
|
Describe the
Filter-Attenuation Theory |
Treisman, 1964
-said info processing occurs in a hierarchical manner & processing isn't all or none -accounts for the fact that unattended info sometimes reaches consciousness (Broadbent's Filter Theory didn't) |
|
|
What are the stages of the:
Feature Integration Theory (FIT) Who came up with it? |
Treisman
2 Stages -Pre-Attentive Stage -Focused Attention Stage |
|
|
Describe the
Pre-Attentive Stage of FIT |
-automatic & diffuse
-object is analyzed by its features -occurs before we have become conscious of the object 1st stage of FIT according to Treisman |
|
|
Describe the
Focused Attention Stage |
-features are recombined to form whole objects
2nd stage of FIT by Treisman |
|
|
What are illusory conjuctions?
|
Product of sensory overload; mentioned in FIT's 1st stage
|
|
|
Describe
Attentional Spotlight & Posner's experiment |
-idea that our attention moves around our field of vision so that things falling w/in its beam are processed preferentially
Posner- tested by showing either an arrow or a box that showed where the light would be immediately before flashing a light (light =click button). Found ppl were faster when shown box |
|
|
What causes patients with visual field neglect to neglect one side of their body even though both eyes are physically functional?
|
Attentional Spotlight (Posner)
|
|
|
What is
Utilization Behavior? |
product of certain type of frontal lobe damage
-characterized by engaging in routine actions even when inappropriate b/c of inability to inhibit automatic bxs |
|
|
What are some examples of conditions associated with attention?
|
Spatial Neglect- due to brain damage in R hem
Chronic Pain- attentional management can help Insomnia- overfocus at night ADHD Anxiety |
|
|
Define
Memory |
the ability to retain and utilize acquired info & knowledge
|
|
|
Memory Processes:
Encoding |
Acquisition & consolidation of memory trace
|
|
|
Memory Processes:
Storage |
Maintenance of memory trace over time
|
|
|
Memory Processes:
Retrieval |
Reactivating a stored memory for current use
|
|
|
What are the 3 stages of memory?
|
Sensory
Short Term Memory Long Term Memory |
|
|
Describe Sensory Memory
|
Memory of all senses & lasts a few seconds
2 types- 1. Ichonic - Visual 2. Echoic Auditory |
|
|
Describe Short-term Memory
|
can hold 5-9 items (can expand using chunking)
-lasts minutes -J - shaped curve (primacy and recency effects) |
|
|
Describe Long Term Memory
|
-more permanent
-limitless store -info can be difficult to retrieve & retrieval cues needed |
|
|
Define Working Memory
What are the 3 types? |
- diff from STM b/c it allows relevant info from our LT store to be brought in & used with current mental processing
3 types Attentional Phonological Visuo-spatial |
|
|
Name the 3 components of Working Memory and their functions
|
Attentional (linkage to LTM)
Phonological (allows for rehearsing to occur) Visuo-spatial (holds visuo-spatial info) |
|
|
What are the 2 types of declarative (aka explicit, conscious, direct) memory?
|
Episodic (autobiographical)
Semantic (Facts, general knowledge) |
|
|
What are the 2 types of nondeclarative (aka implicit, unconscious, indirect)
|
Procedural (e.g. motor skills)
Priming (pre-exposure facilitates perception of stimuli) |
|
|
The inability to form new long term memories is known as __________ (LTM after the incident)
|
anterograde amnesia
|
|
|
A classic symptom of damage to the ___________________is anterograde amnesia
|
Medial temporal lobes
|
|
|
_______________ is lost memory for times before the incident that lead to the amnesia.
|
Retrograde Amnesia
|
|
|
In retrograde amnesia patients have good memory for the ______ past but for events _______ the incident, their memory declines.
a. distant; closer to b. recent; further from c. recent; closer to d. distant; further from |
a.
|
|
|
How is LTM stored?
Hypothetically, when does this occur? |
the Hippocamp-cortical Connection
Squire & Alvarez hypothesize that this occurs during REM sleep |
|
|
The _____________ have been suggested as important in working memory.
|
Frontal lobes
|
|
|
People w/frontal lobe damage show ________ and __________ deficits that can lead to poor _______ memory
|
attention & concentration deficits
poor working memory |
|
|
Cahill & McGaugh: the __________ is a key brain region in emotional memory encoding. It also has been shown to modulate other memory systems such as the hippocampus
|
amygdala
|
|
|
What is the NT that is implicated in memory?
|
Acetylcholine
|
|
|
When we study memory, what NT system are we talking about?
|
Cholinergic Neurotransmitter System
|
|
|
Who were the philosophers that studied & wrote about attention before psychology became a field?
|
Vives (1492-1540)- attention & memory
Leibniz (1646-1716) - soul guides attention |
|
|
Who performed experiments on the maintenance of vigilance in response to worries during WWII about operators being able to reliably detect radar signals?
|
Mackworth -1950
|
