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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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define intelligence. What is the Binet-Simon Scale? Who invented IQ? How is it calculated? |
a fundamental faculty, the alteration or lack of, which is the upmost importance for practical life; it is a scale developed in France to measure the extent a child could benefit from schooling, allowing kids to be compare in terms of mental age; Terman, who also created the standford-binet test, his version of the Binet-simon scale . IQ= mental age / chronological age X100
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factor analysis; the two-factor theory of intelligence (Spearman)
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(opposite to the integrative approach to intelligence) a statistical procedure that derives a number of underlying factors that may explain the structure of a set of correlations- used in the 2 factor theory;
- the two factor model is a hierarchical model in which factor one- general intelligence (the part of intelligence common to all abilities) underlies a set of (factor two)- specific abilities |
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What does Spearman (creator of two-factor model of intelligence) believe G (general intelligence) represents? what is fluid vs crystallized intelligence?
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- the amount of mental energy available to an individual ex of abilities: dealing with change, anticipating moves, quickly grasping information
- crystallized is things you may have learned, increases over lifetime - fluid is the ability to think flexibly which increase when young but level off when mature (Both make up G) |
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what does education mean? what are raven progressive matrices?
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means "draw out" - general intelligence may mean the ability to draw out relationships that obtain in a novel situation; the most widely accepted test of G- you have to decide which symbol fits the pattern |
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describe the working memory capacity theory. Do people with high G have more kids than low G?
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the theory that working memory capacity (especially central executive) and G are closely related; no they dont because G deals with more flexibility to novel situations something which mating is not so G is irrelevant
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differentiate between dedicated intelligence and improvisational intelligence
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dedicated= domain-specific modules that have evolved to solve recurring problems
improvisational = deals with relatively unique problems that are unpredictable (some people argue this is same as G) |
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Flynn Effect
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- an increase in IQ scores over historical time, due to an enriched environment (better nutrition, schooling, environmental complexity) enabling people with the inherited potential for high g to become actual g
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Describe Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence. What are intellectual components?
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Intellectual components is a theory on the PROCESS of intelligence, where components are elementary information PROCESSES that operate on internal representations of objects or symbols.
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Describe The Triarchic Theory
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Sternburgs theory that there are three different content areas of intelligence:
1) analytical intelligence: G; the ability to solve straightforward problems 2) Creative Intelligence: the ability to reason using novel components 3) Practical Intelligence: the ability to find problem solutions in real-world everyday situations |
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entrenched vs non-entrenched concepts
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entrenched are natural and easy to reason with, whereas non-entrenched are novel and unnatural (like the type of problems that would require higher creative intelligence)
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multiple intelligences theory; what are three of the defining characteristics of 'a separate intelligence' according to this theory?
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Howard Gardner's hypothesis that intelligence does not consist of one underlying ability but many different separate abilities (with different brain localizations);
1) it requires some sort of symbol system - different representations like music, drawing and math 2) it is likely to exist where there are exceptional individuals like prodigies 3) it has a distinct developmental history- a very characteristic way in which the intelligence develops |
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what are some of the criticisms of Sternburg's theory?
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people have found that practical, analytical and creative intelligence are not independent and that Sternburg underplayed the value of G
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list the 7 separate intelligences according to Gardner
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- LINGUISTIC
- MATH -SPATIAL -MUSICAL -BODILY-KINESTETIC - INTERPERSONAL - INTRAPERSONAL (understanding oneself) |
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U-shaped development hypothesis
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the development of many symbolic forms initially is pre-conventional the descends to conventional but ultimately may achieve the integration of post conventional. example with artist: preschoolers drawings are very vibrant and meaningful but lack structure and skill- they are pre-conventional. At school, they learn the rules of art and the skill drops to conventional as they are preoccupied with rules. Then later on their art is post conventional- it shows the vibrance of children's art but in a masterful and skillful way
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Ur-song
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the idea that there is innate musical knowledge, the Ur-song a first song that children spontaneously sings
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How do you become a chess expert?; what is the ten year rule?
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you perceive the game position arrangements in larger units or chunks; the idea that ten years of practise is needed in order to become a an expert in something
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Problem-finding
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-the ability to discover new problems, their methods, and solutions
- linked to creativity, serendipity |
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blind variation and selective retention; what are the stages in the creative process?
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the generation of alternate problem solutions without foresight of which will work, and then retaining those which work in the context; preparation, incubation, illumination, and verification
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What ate three core propositions correlated with the creative process theory? what is creative potential?
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1) creative solutions require variations or chance permutations (different combinations produced by no rule)
2) variations are selected on set criteria 3) variations that meet criteria are retained creative potential= the ability to generate useful configurations |
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Prices Law; flat hierarchies
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hypothesis that half of the contibrutions in a field will be produced by the square root of the total number of workers (ie if theres 100, ten of them will produce half of the contributions- its not all equal);
for most of us, we have certain associations with objects as higher than others- a brick is for a house, and less so for use as a doorstopper, for ex. - our associations are in a hierarchy. creative people, however, have a flat hierarchy, where they see all associations as equal which allows them to come up with different uses for things on alternate uses tests for ex. |
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RAT remote associations test
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a test that requires people to come up with a single association to link 3 apparently unrelated words
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How does sternburg define intelligence?
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Intelligence is a capacity to learn from experience using metacogntive processes to enhance learning and the ability to adapt to the surrounding environment which may require different adaptations within different social and cultural contexts
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If your mental age= your chron aga, you score in Binet-Simon scale is ____. If MA>CA, your score is_____. If MA<CA, your score is____
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100; score>100; score<100
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According to two-factor theory, G accounts for what % of performance?
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50% -the other 50% is hard work!
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What are the 3 types of Analytical intelligence components according to the triarchic theory?
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1) metacomponents - executive processes used in planning, monitoring, and decision making performance
2) performance components - processes that are used in the execution of a task like encoding, comparing, generating response 3) knowledge acquisition components- learning and storing new info |
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What is the integrative approach to looking at intelligence? Which theories use it?
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-no one overarching thing to describe intelligence,
-captures differences among people as opposed to finding underlying things like the factor analytical approach. - Used by triarchic theory and Multiple theory of intelligence |
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Practical intelligence means....(3)
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a) adaptation to new environments b) selection- selecting interesting things c) shaping- influencing environment
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Dandelion vs Orchid analogy; give some support for it...
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idea that some people may be so resilient that they will thrive in any environment while others need much support- genes?
- DZ twins who are reared together share .45-.6 of genes for IQ similar to siblings reared together, whereas MX twins share .7-.85 regardless of being reared together or apart |
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What are some environmental factors influencing intelligence? (3)
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- prenatal factors
- post natal factors (SES, education, culture) - even birth order!- first borns often have the highest IQ |
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What are some biological links to intelligence? (3)
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-link between brain glucose and IQ (increased IQ fro lower glucose metabolism- more efficient)
-total brain mass accounts for around16% of the variation in IQ - relationship between cortical thickness and IQ in developing kids- Shaw et al. found that higher IQ= increased cortical thickness, and as kids grow up and brain grows this relationship increases. They also found that IQ was related to the trajectory of cortical development- most intelligent kids show cortical plasticity initially accelerated cortical thickening but increased thinning in adolescence |
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Brains like Einstein's would most likely have...
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- normal size and shape
- moderate atrophy - missing part (parietaloperculum) - increase parietal lobes, lH parietal greater than left - somatosensory corticies expanded - perhaps expanded prefrontal |
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what are some ways of studying creativity? (4)
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- psychometric approaches to study creativity- uses tests
- cognitive tasks- problem solving tasks - personality - willingness to take risks, openness, un conventionality of thought - motivation- intrinsic motivation to learn for the sake of learning |
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eduction
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the ability to abstract info and induce for ex. in raven matrices we abstract a rule with allows us to predict the next one
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