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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of language?
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a shared symbolic system for communication
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symbols
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linguistic units, sounds that form words and other meaningful units that symbolizes or stand for the referent of the word
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shared symbols
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connections b/w sounds and meaning are arbitrary, but because they are shared they can be used
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communication
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thoughts and ideas can be turned into a public msg and the other way around as well
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linguistics
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the academic discipline that takes language as its topic
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competence
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the internalized knowledge
of a language and its rules that fully fluent speakers of that language have – Abstract ideas about what is probably going on when we produce and understand language |
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psycholinguistics
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the study of
language as it is used and learned by people |
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performance
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the actual language
behavior a speaker generates, the strings of sounds and words that the speaker utters |
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Describe and give a daily life example of SEMANTICITY
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language conveys
meaning – unlike other sounds we may create For example: Coughing would not be semanticity where as saying Yes would be |
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Describe and give a daily life example of ARBITRARINESS
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there is no inherent
connection between the units (sounds, words) used in a language and the meanings referred to by those units – Because of this arbitrariness it is important that language is shared For example: The word dog has no connection to an actual dog. You just have to know that that word goes with that object. |
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Flexibility
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the arbitrary
connections between sounds and meanings can be changed and new ones can be invented Ex: Automobiles became cars |
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naming
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the assigning of names to all
objects in our environment, to all the feelings and emotions we experience, to all the ideas and concepts we conceive of ex: "Open" doesn't refer to an object but an action |
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displacement
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the ability to talk
about something other than the present moment ex: I can talk about what i ate for breakfast and what I'm going to eat for lunch |
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productivity/generativity
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language
is a productive and inherently novel activity, we generate sentences rather than repeat them ex: What I'm writing right now is new... i did not memorize this sentence in order to say it again. I can create new sentences every time I talk |
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why are onomatopoeia an exception to arbitrariness?
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Because an onomatopoeia actually does represent what is sounds like. Like buzz or whoosh.
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Why does arbitrariness make it important that language is shared?
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Because words do not have any direct connection to what the represent so we all need to know what those words mean. An example is a foreign language. I have no idea what a japanese person is saying because the words do not mean anything to me.
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why does the producitivity of language require rules/syntax/grammar?
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-it allows flexibility in creating new language
-it can generate new sentences but follow the rules |
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phonemes
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smallest unit of speech that,
if changed, changes the meaning of a word ex: Bat to Pat |
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describe the difference in the production of vowels and consonants
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Consonants- there is a disruption in airflow
1. place of articulation 2. manner of articulation 3. voicing Vowels- no disruption in airflow 1.Placement in mouth (front, center, back) 2. tongue position (high, middle, low) |
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Def. and life example of the variability problem
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there is no simple
correspondence between acoustical patterns and the phonemes we hear ex: can produce one phoneme with different sounds. Like accents |
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Def. and life example of coarticulation
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the way a phoneme is
pronounced depends on the phonemes that precede and follow it ex. bat and boat |
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Def. and life example of segmentation
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how do we divide the
continuous stream of acoustic speech signals into individual word ex: foreign languages ex: 'Scuse me, while I kiss this guy – instead of 'Scuse me, while I kiss the sky |
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what is the solution to the variability and segmentation problem?
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*context- Words, phrases, and ideas
already identified guide the interpretation of new incoming sounds *conceptually driven processing: Simultaneous data-driven processing and conceptually-driven processing to interpret incoming speech signals • an integrative or interactive approach |
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syntax
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the arrangement of words as
elements in a sentence to show their relationship to one another – Sentence structure |
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why is syntax important for language as a tool for communication?
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Syntax consists of the rules to make the meaning of the communication easier to understand
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