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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is modus ponens and modus tollens?
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This refers to two conditions in a diagram Ex: p---> q therefore not q---> not p. ---> this words, Cant be not p---> not q therefore q--->p
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Why do subjects do better on the "beer" version of the four-card problem?
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this is because it is more visual and not abstract like the vowel and even number version.
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What are the two things you should be aware of in the Wason 4-card problem?
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??
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What is inductive reasoning?
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This is when we arrive at conclusions about what is probably true, based on evidence. Ex: if Richard attended State U. for 4 years and that he is vice pres of the bank, we might conclude that is it likely that he graduated (could be that his father got him the job.. we don't actually know)
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What is deductive reasoning?
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This involves sequences of statements called syllogisms Ex: if we know that at least a C average is required to graduate from State U, and that Josie is graduating from there, we can logically conclude that Josie had at least a C average.
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What are some ways in which we use the availability heuristic to help us make a decision? (experiments?)
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12 men famous in a list 14 women non famous- 78% of subjects said that there were more mens names than females because they are more familiar than non famous names
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What is an illusory correlation?
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this is when two events appear to be related bu are not (ice cream and drowing)
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Biases related to the availability heuristic--> had to spin a wheel and either got 10 or 65. They had to estimate what percentage of African cities there were in the United Nations- people who got number 10 ended up choosing a higher number like 25% and people who got 65 ended up choosing a lower number such as 45%
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??
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What is the similarity coverage model?
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explains how peoples ideas about categories...?
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the more samples you take, the more representative the experience you will take- will pick liberal school because your friends like it even though you didnt have a good first experience...
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??
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What is the utility approach to devisions?
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??
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What is the focusing allusion? Give an example of an experiment done to test this?
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This is when you focus on one aspect of a situation while ignoring all others
1. How happy are you? 2. how many dates did you have last month? - when 1 asked 1st, r between answers to 1 and 2=12; when 2 asked 1st, r = .66 conclusion: asking about dates 1st causes Subjects to focus on dates as index of happiness!! |
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What is the definition of a syllogism?
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A syllogism includes two statements called premises, followed by a third statement, called the conclusion. Ex: Premise 1: All birds are animals
Premise 2: All animals eat food Conclusion: Therefore, all birds eat food |
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People's performance in judging syllogisms has been determined using two methods...?
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1) Evaluation: present two premises and a conclusion, and ask people to indicate whether the conclusion logically follows from the premises
2) Production: Present two premises and ask people to indicate what conclusion logically follows from the premises, or if no conclusion logically follows. |
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What is a mental mode?
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This is a specific situation that is represented in a person's mind that can be used to help determine the validity of syllogisms in deductive reasoning.
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What do conditional syllogisms have that are different than regular syllogisms?
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They have two premises and a conclusion- the first premise has the for "if...then..."
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What is the definition of the falsification principle?
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to test a rule, it is necessary to look for situations that falsify the rule.
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What is the definition of a pragmatic reasoning schema?
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This is a way of thinking about cause and effect in the world that is learned as part of experiencing everyday life. Ex: the permission schema- must be 19 or older to drink beer
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Describe the evolutionary perspective on cognition?
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psychologists argue that we can trace many properties of our minds to the evolutionary principles of natural selection. According to natural selection, adaptive characteristics--- characteristics that help a person or animals survive to pass their genes to the next generation--will, over time, become basic characteristics of humans.
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What are some explanations given by psychologists on how different versions to the wason four card problem resulted in different percentages of participants getting the correct answers?
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some psychologists feel people understand the wason four card problem easier due to permission, cheating and other explanations. There is still major controversy over the different explanations
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What are the 3 main factors that contribute to the strength of an inductive argument?
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1. representativeness of observations- how weel do the observations about a particular category represent all of the member of that category?
2. Number of observations- the argument about the crows is made stronger by adding the Washington DC observation 3. Quality of the evidence- stronger evidence results in stronger conclusions. Ex: although the conclusion that "the sun will rise in Nashville" is extremely strong because of the number of observations, it becomes even stronger when we consider scientific descriptions of how the earth rotates on its axis and revolves around the sun |
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What are some real-life examples of inductive reasoning?
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Making sure the chair you sit in in class will not break-- you probably don't do that because you know from previous experiences that the chair will support you.
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What is the definition of a conjunction rule?
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This states that the probability of a conjunction of two events (A and B0 cannot be higher than the probability of the single constituents (A and B alone). Ex: the probability that Anne has a red corvette cannot be greater than the probability that she has a corvette.
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What is the definition of the framing effect?
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decisions are influenced by how a decision is stated or framed!
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In the ultimatum game, which parts of the brain are at work and what role do they play?
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the emotional goal of resenting unfairness is handles by the anterior insula, and the cognitive goal of accumulating money is handled by the prefrontal cortex
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