Cognition Ch. 9

Front 1

tree diagrams

Back 1

a description of a process that proceeds from one level at which a number of relationships are simultaneously present to other levels at which these relationships are serially ordered

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language

Back 2

open-ended verbal communication that consists of all possible sentences

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speech

Back 3

those sentences that are actually spoken; only a small subset of language

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phase structure rules

Back 4

rules describing the way in which symbols can be rewritten as other symbols

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grammatical transformations

Back 5

rules operating on entire strings of symbols, converting them to new strings

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competence and performance

Back 6

a person may have an internalized system of rules that constitutes a basic linguistic competence, but this competence may not always be reflected in the person's actual use of the language (performance).

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deep and surfaces structure

Back 7

the sequence of words that makes up a sentence constitutes a surface structure that is derived from an underlying deep structure

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innateness hypothesis

Back 8

the hypothesis that children innately possess a language acquisition device that comes equipped with principles of universal grammar

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property of stimulus argument

Back 9

the hypothesis that the linguistic environment to which a child is exposed is too deficient to enable the child to acquire language on that basis alone

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language acquisition device (LAD) and universal grammar

Back 10

the hypothesis that children possess a language acquisition device that contains general principles that apply to any natural language (universal grammar)

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minimalism

Back 11

the belief that linguistic competence has only those characteristics that are absolutely necessary

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parameter setting

Back 12

the hypothesis that language acquisition involves a universal grammar that contains a variety of switches, which can be set to one of a number of possible values, or parameters. a parameter is a universal aspect of language that can take on one set of possible values

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concealing function

Back 13

the hypothesis that language is a kind of code. The parameters that are set for one language conceal its meanings from the speakers of another language.

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recursion

Back 14

a process that refers to itself

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mirror neurons

Back 15

Broca's area in monkeys contains neurons that not only fire when the anima makes grasping movements, but also fire when the monkey observes other animals making those movements

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potential reformulations

Back 16

adult reformulations of children's speech constitute negative evidence because they reformulations inform children when their utterances are erroneous. At the same time, they also provide positive instances of correct speech.

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syntatic development

Back 17

the development of the ability to organize words into grammatical sentences

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code model and inferential model of communication

Back 18

models of communication based on the information processing and Grice's inferential theory, respectively

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Given, new contrast

Back 19

a process whereby the speaker agrees to connect new information to what the listener already knows

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co-operative principle

Back 20

the assumption that the speaker intents to say something concise, truthful, relevant, and unambiguous

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conversational maxims (relevance theory)

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speakers attempt to say no more than is necessary (maxim of quantity) they try to be truthful (maxim of quality) they attempt to be relevant (maxim of relation) and they strive to avoid ambiguity (maxim of manner)

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pretense theory of irony

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when speaking ironically, the speaker is only pretending to mean what he or she says

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figurative language

Back 23

various figures of speech, such as metaphor and irony

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hesitation pauses

Back 24

pauses in speech often characterized by disfluencies, such as um or uh.

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egocentric speech

Back 25

speech that does not take the listener's perspective into account

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inner speech

Back 26

speech for oneself that regulates though

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zone of proximal development

Back 27

the distances between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem-solving and the level of potential development as determined though problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers

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matalinguistic awareness

Back 28

the ability to talk about language without worrying about worrying about what it refers to

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surface dyslexia

Back 29

an acquired dyslexia characterized by a deficit in whole word reading but not phonetic reading

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phonological dyslexia

Back 30

an impairment in phonetic reading but not in whole word reading

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dual route theory

Back 31

a theory of word reading that posits two separate pathways for reading, one for comparing words to a mental dictionary and another for converting letters to sounds

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Sapir-Whorf

Back 32

the hypothesis that two languages may be so different from each other as to make their native speakers' experience of the world qualitatively different from one another

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linguistic relativity

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the notion that two languages may be so different from each other as to make their native speaker's experience of the world quite different from each other

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polysemy

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the existence of multiple meanings for one word

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Basic colour terms (Berlin-Kay order)

Back 35

the hypothesis that there is an invariant sequence regulating the emergence of colour terms in any language

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opponent process theory of colour vision

Back 36

the hypothesis that colour vision is based on three pairs of antagonistic processes

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intrinsic frame of reference

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spatial relations are based solely on the relations between the objects being described spatial relations are described to an observer's viewpoint

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relative frame of reference

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spatial relations are described to an observer's viewpoint

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absolute frame of reference

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spatial relations are described in terms of an invariant set of co-ordinates