Cognition Ch. 6

Front 1

principle of encoding specificity

Back 1

the way that an item is retrieved from memory depends on the way that it was stored in memory

Front 2

episodic memory

Back 2

the memory system concerned concerned with personally experienced events

Front 3

semantic memory

Back 3

the memory system concerned with knowledge of words, concepts, and their relationships

Front 4

recency bias versus primacy bias

Back 4

a tendency to recall experiences from the recent past compared to a tendency to recall experiences from the relatively distant past

Front 5

procedural memory

Back 5

the memory system concerned with knowing how to do things

Front 6

tacit knowledge

Back 6

knowing how to do something without being able to say exactly what it is that you know

Front 7

explicit knowledge

Back 7

knowing that something is the case

Front 8

anoetic, noetic, and autonoetic

Back 8

three levels of consciousness corresponding to procedural, semantic, and episodic memory systems

Front 9

prefrontal leucotomy

Back 9

a surgical procedure whereby the connections between the prefrontal lobes and other parts of the brain are severed

Front 10

evolution of memory

Back 10

ways in which memory systems possibly evolved include natural selection exaptation and the baldwin effect

Front 11

chronosthesia

Back 11

our subjective sense of time

Front 12

butcher-on-the-bus phenomenon

Back 12

a feeling of knowing a person without being able to remember the circumstances of any previous meeting or anything else about the person

Front 13

implicit memory

Back 13

memory without episodic awareness-the expression of previous experiences without conscious recollection of the prior episode

Front 14

method of opposition

Back 14

pitting conscious (explicit) and unconscious (implicit) tendencies against one another

Front 15

perceptual representation system

Back 15

the memory system containing very specific representations of events that is hypothesized to be responsible for priming effects

Front 16

mental chronometry

Back 16

measuring how long cognitive processes take

Front 17

moses illusion

Back 17

people who will respond to questions with embedded errors by assuming a piece of learning that is irrelevant, for example, by answering the question how many animals of each kind did moses take on the ark? by saying two

Front 18

spreading activation

Back 18

searching a semantic network activates paths spreading from the node at which the search begins

Front 19

involuntary semantic memory (mind popping)

Back 19

whenever semantic memory pops into your mind without episodic context

Front 20

propositional network

Back 20

a network that specifies the relations between a set of concepts

Front 21

fan effect

Back 21

the more a person knows about a particular concept, the longer it takes to recognize specific information about it.

Front 22

phenological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad

Back 22

temporary stores of linguistic and non-verbal information, respectively.

Front 23

episodic buffer

Back 23

the ability to move information both to and from episodic and long-term memory

Front 24

fluid systems

Back 24

cognitive processes that manipulate information

Front 25

crystallized systems

Back 25

cognitive systems that accumulate long-term knowledge

Front 26

working memory

Back 26

the temporary storage and manipulation of information that is necessary for various cognitive activities

Front 27

central executive

Back 27

the function of the brain that co-ordinates information that may be represented in the subsystems of working memory

Front 28

excitatory and inhibitory connections

Back 28

a neural network is made up of connections that either enhance or diminish the associations between units

Front 29

associative deficit hypothesis

Back 29

older adults have a deficiency in creating and retrieving links between single units of information

Front 30

Korsakoff's syndrome

Back 30

a form of amnesia typically due to chronic alcoholism combined with thiamine efficiency

Front 31

disconnection syndrome

Back 31

amnesiac patients may be able to acquire new information and yet not be aware of the fact that learning has taken place

Front 32

prospective memory

Back 32

the intention to remember to do something at some future time

Front 33

method of vanishing cues

Back 33

amnesiac participants learned the meaning of computer commands by being presented with definitions of the commands and fragments of the command's names. Additional letters were presented until the participant guessed the word. Then letters were progressively removed until the patient was unable to gibe the name of the command upon being presented with its definition

Front 34

errorless learning

Back 34

the subject in a learning situation is allowed only to perform the task correctly to prevent the opportunity of learning to do something incorrectly