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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Amnesia |
Partial or complete loss of memory |
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Non organic amnesia vs Organic amnesia |
Non - organic Psychological cause Fugue state Organic - brain damage Physical cause Viral infection, Korskoff's syndrome, stroke, closed head injury, dementia, surgery |
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Anterograde vs retrograde |
Anterograde - inability to form new memories Retrograde - loss of past memory |
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Organic amnesia |
Both an encoding and retrieval problem Retrograde and Anterograde, usually co-exist but can exist in isolation Extensive connections between effected areas Hippocampus - encode Temporal cortex - retrieval, both linked |
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Non-organic amnesia example |
Lumbjerjack - schater, wang, tulving and freedman 1982 Closed head injury Retrograde amnesia >90% of memories came from the 2 days prior to hospital admission Did remember period of work IQ and recognition memory for famous faces remained unchanged Became capable of recalling past life after amnesia cleared up |
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Organic amnesia example |
Clive Wearing Viral brain infection Retrograde and Anterograde amnesia Everyday was first day Believed he'd never been seen by a doctor Concert pianist before brain infection (does not know how he can play and has to have one pointed out to him) 7 second memory |
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Organic Amnesia HM |
Henry Molaison Surgery for epilepsy leisoned his hppocampus on both left and right Disconnected from temporal lobes Dense anterograde amnesia and degree of retrograde amnesia STM and IQ fine No familiar faces, important upsetting information caused upset each time Could read same magazine several time Retained skills like mowing lawn |
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Hippocampus in retrograde amnesia |
Hippocampus plays role in consolidation Memories can become independent of hippocampus HM's hippocampus isolated Historical memories survived without it |
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Korsakoff's syndrome |
Associated with alcoholism Causes thiamine deficiency = damage to brain Usually abnormalities to the diencephalon, including hypothalamus Anterograde and retrograde amnesia Frontal lobe damage |
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Huppert and Piercy 1978 |
Amnesiacs may forget really quickly Picture recognition in Korsakoff patients same as recognition in control group after 10 minutes and only slightly less after 1 day |
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Maintained and impaired abilities |
Korsakoff patients and other anterograde amnesiacts , normal performance on digist span measures of STM Recency effect also preserved Eye blink, Unpleasant outcome Skills retained, clive wearing = accomplished musician |
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Skills acquired without knowledge/awareness |
Retained in amnesiacs such as priming (squire et al 1993) E.g Alligator ------>C_O_O_I_E Will be seen as crocodile Method of vanishing cues (Glisky, Schacter and Tulving 1986) To store a program - save SAVE? SAV? SA? S |
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How amnesia informs us |
Study of amnesiac patients Supports or casts doubts on memory models |
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STM/LTM |
Amnesiac patients typically = Intact STM and Impaired LTM (spiers, Maguire and Burgess 2001) A very small number e.g KF (Shallice and Warringington 1974) Intact LTM Very impaired digit span (STM) A double dissociation |
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Episodic vs. Semantic memory Tulving 1989 |
Bad memory for episodes - unimpaired memory for facts But facts generally learned before anterograde amnesia Baddeley1984 Could recall name of current prime-minister Recognition of the recently famous |
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Episodic/Semantic Spiers Maguire and Burgess 2001 |
147 amnesiacs patients Impairment in episodic memory in all cases Some with relatively small problems with semantic |
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Vargha-Khadem, Gadian, Watkins. et all 1997 |
2 patients with bilateral damage to hippocampus Very poor episodic/ within normal range semantic memory Partial dissociation Episodic memory - fully dependent on the hippocampus Semantic memory - supported by sub-hippocampal structures Amnesiacs with both Damage to hippocampus underlying structures |
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Declarative vs procedural Cohen and Squire 1980 |
Extensive evidence amnesiacs: Difficulty forming declarative memory Non-declarative motor memory generally maintained (lawn mowing/piano playing) fMRI evidence - schott et al 2005 Differential activation Declarative vs non-declarative tasks |
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Declarative vs procedural problems |
Problems separating declarative from procedural Skilled performances require elements of both STM in amnesiacs = declarative |
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Implicit and Explicit Memory Graf & Schacter 1985 |
Implicit memory is revealed when performance on a task is facilitated in the absence of conscious recollection; Explicit memory is revealed when performance on a task requires conscious recollection of previous experiences Amnesiacs disadvantaged on explicit memory tests Normal levels on tests of implicit memory |
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A visual search task |
Half pictures new half of them are repeats Controls improves throughout (acquiring skill) significantly better on old Amnesiac's improved throughout No better on old Information binding problem Hippocampus, involved in binding |
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Limitations of research using amnesiacs pts |
Specific populations e.g children Korsakoff's has a slow onset and unclear trajectory Amnesia origins makes it unique in terms of damage/ extent Average levels of performance |
