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57 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Memory
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
encoding
the processing of information into the memory system for example, by extracting meaning
storage
the retention of encoded information over time
retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage
sensory memory
the immediate, initiative recording of sensory information in the memory system
short term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as zthe seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored of forgotten. Working memory is a similar concept that focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information
long term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency, and of well learned information, such as word meanings.
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
rehearsal
the conscious repetition of information , either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
visual encoding
the encoding of picture image
acoustic encoding
the encoding of sound especially the sound of words.
semantic encoding
the encoding of meaning including the meaning of words
imagery
mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing especially when combined with semantic encoding
mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
chuncking
organizing items into familiar manageable units; often occurs automatically
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visal stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
long term potentiation
an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
amnesia
the loss of memory
implicit memory
retention independent of conscious recollection. Also called procedural memory
explicit memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
hippocampus
a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.
recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill in the blank test.
recognition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test
relearning
a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
deja vu
that eerie sense that I've experienced this before. Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
mood congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.
proactive interference
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
retroactive interference
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts , feelings, and memories
misinformation effect
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
source amnesia
attributing to the wrong source an event that we have experienced , heard about, read about, or imagined. Source amnesia , along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.
cognition
the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
concept
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
algorithm
a methodical, logical rule if procedure that guarentees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier but also more error prone use of heuristics
heuristic
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
insight
a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy based solutions
fixation
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving
mental set
a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem
functional fixedness
the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
framing
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
language
our spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
morpheme
in a spoken language the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word such as prefix
grammar
in a language a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
phoneme
in a spoken language the smallest distinctive sound unit
semantics
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning
babbling stage
beginning at 3 to 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
one word stage
the stage in speech development from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
two word stage
beginning about age 2 the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word sentences
telegraphist speech
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram "go car" using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting "auxiliary" words
linguistic determinism
whorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think.