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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Memory
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the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
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flashbulb memory
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a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
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encoding
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the processing of information into the memory system for example, by extracting meaning
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storage
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the retention of encoded information over time
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retrieval
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the process of getting information out of memory storage
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sensory memory
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the immediate, initiative recording of sensory information in the memory system
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short term memory
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activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as zthe seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored of forgotten. Working memory is a similar concept that focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information
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long term memory
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the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
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automatic processing
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unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency, and of well learned information, such as word meanings.
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effortful processing
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encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
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rehearsal
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the conscious repetition of information , either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
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spacing effect
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the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
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serial position effect
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our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
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visual encoding
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the encoding of picture image
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acoustic encoding
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the encoding of sound especially the sound of words.
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semantic encoding
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the encoding of meaning including the meaning of words
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imagery
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mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing especially when combined with semantic encoding
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mnemonics
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memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
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chuncking
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organizing items into familiar manageable units; often occurs automatically
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iconic memory
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a momentary sensory memory of visal stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
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echoic memory
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a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
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long term potentiation
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an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
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amnesia
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the loss of memory
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implicit memory
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retention independent of conscious recollection. Also called procedural memory
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explicit memory
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memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
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hippocampus
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a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.
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recall
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a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill in the blank test.
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recognition
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a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test
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relearning
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a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
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priming
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the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
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deja vu
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that eerie sense that I've experienced this before. Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
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mood congruent memory
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the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.
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proactive interference
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the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
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retroactive interference
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the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
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repression
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in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts , feelings, and memories
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misinformation effect
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incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
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source amnesia
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attributing to the wrong source an event that we have experienced , heard about, read about, or imagined. Source amnesia , along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.
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cognition
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the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
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concept
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a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
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algorithm
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a methodical, logical rule if procedure that guarentees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier but also more error prone use of heuristics
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heuristic
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a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms
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confirmation bias
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a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
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insight
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a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy based solutions
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fixation
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the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving
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mental set
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a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem
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functional fixedness
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the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
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framing
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the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
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language
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our spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
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morpheme
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in a spoken language the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word such as prefix
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grammar
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in a language a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
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phoneme
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in a spoken language the smallest distinctive sound unit
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semantics
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the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning
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babbling stage
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beginning at 3 to 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
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one word stage
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the stage in speech development from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
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two word stage
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beginning about age 2 the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word sentences
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telegraphist speech
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early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram "go car" using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting "auxiliary" words
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linguistic determinism
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whorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
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