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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Cognition?
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“The term cognition refers to all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used...” — Neisser (1967)
These processes include perception, recognition, attention, awareness, memory and reasoning. |
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Perception - Boring?
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The size constancy effect (Boring 1964). Is the furthest hiker as large as the nearest?
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What do Cognitive Psychologists Study
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Perception
Attention Memory Decision making Concept formation Mental imagery Language Emotion Perception: How is sensory input translated into knowledge (cf. hiker input into height knowledge) Attention: limited, how direct attention, perceive unattended information Memory: Store and retrieve knowledge, memory lapses (went to a room, forgot what we wanted). Notice when cognition fails Decision making: how do you make decision about major Concept formation: How build a concept such as bird. How decide that robin and penguin are birds. Is on more typical? Why? Mental imagery: Image your dorm room. How is it different from the actual perception? Decision where something is, are you looking for it in MI? Language: Most complex cognitive ability. Perception of speech, meaning. Emotion |
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What is Cognition?
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Cognitions cannot be observed by other ppl
Use introspection, our own knowledge about how we think First psychological laboratory. Before part of philosophy Experiences when hearing tones, experiencing feelings: Find the constituent components What is a replication? Why is it important? Dimensional model of affective space, reinvented by Schlossberg, still popular |
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Who is Wilhelm Wundt? And what does he have to do with the history of cognition?
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Wilhelm Wundt: Introspection
1879: Birth of scientific psychology in the laboratories of Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig Wundt introduced introspectionism as a research methodology Trained researchers report their own mental experiences as objectively as possible Use of replications Affective space |
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Brief History of Cognitive Psychology II
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Gestalt psychology emerged in Germany in the early 20th Century
“Gestalt” = German for organized wholes We are quicker to recognize the big picture than its separate parts The whole differs from the sum of its parts Gestalt psychologists focused on the question of perception and problem solving We tend to see the whole that is made up from the different parts We see a forest not many trees The whole is more than the sum of its parts |
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Overview Behaviorism
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Behaviorism emerged in the USA early the 20th Century in reaction to introspectionism.
Behaviorists: Consciousness unobservable and not objective. Emphasis on observable behaviour such as how an organism responded to a stimulus. Behaviorists tended to use animals such as rats rather than people as subjects of research. |
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What are the Problems with Behaviorism?
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Impossible to explain complex behavior without theorizing about internal states
Cannot account for complex learning, e. g., language production and development Leaves out all the interesting things (emotions!) No way to systematically relate stimuli with responses without making assumptions about internal states. Response to the same stimulus depends on the internal states. Appraisal study We need to look inside the black box. |
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MIT History of Cognitive Psychology
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11th September 1956: “birth” of Cognitive Science at a Symposium in MIT
Cognitivism: Need to understand thought processes in order to understand behaviour Information processing approach Mental processes can be understood as information progressing through a series of stages Human thought processes can be compared to a computer Brain = Hardware Mind = Software |
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What can humans do that computers can not?
What can computers do that humans can not? |
Differences between Mind and Computer
Information comes into a computer already fixed and labelled. Information comes into a mind in a raw, fragmentary way. Different computational paradigms. Computers process information serially with extremely quick computational steps. Minds process information in parallel with relatively slow computational steps. |
