Cog Sci Vocab

Front 1

Dax experiment

Back 1

'This is a dax' versus 'This is Dax'; child could understand difference when choosing the object.

Front 2

Specific Language Impairment

Back 2

Type of impairment involving language comprehension and production (slow speech rate, difficulty with plurals, etc.)

Front 3

Williams Syndrome

Back 3

Characterized by high verbal intellect in comparison of IQ and hyper talkative, with expressive language despite reasoning difficulties

Front 4

Language Development - cooing

Back 4

First few months

Front 5

Language development - babbling

Back 5

6 months old

Front 6

Language development - one-word utterances

Back 6

1 year old

Front 7

Language development - two-word utterances

Back 7

2+ years old

Front 8

Language development - short sentences

Back 8

3 years old

Front 9

Ways of Learning Language

Back 9

negative evidence (which strings of words are not grammatically correct)
rewards for correct speech
directed speech
imitation

Front 10

Universal Grammar

Back 10

coined by Chomsky; idea that there are properties that all languages have

Front 11

Parameterization

Back 11

accounts for one's ability to learn multiple natural languages

Front 12

Social grouping

Back 12

language separates social groups; information keeps groups exclusive

Front 13

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Back 13

linguistic relativity; structure of a language affects the ways in which its respective speakers conceptualize their world.

Strong hypothesis: if language didn't distinguish past/present, person couldn't.
Weak hypothesis: we can create distinctions for words we already have.

Front 14

Critical period

Back 14

0-12 yo; best time to learn new languages

Front 15

Pidgins

Back 15

simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common. It is most commonly employed in situations such as trade.

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How language differs from other forms of communication

Back 16

word and what it describes are not identical
language can express hopes and beliefs
language is generative and can infinitely add on

Front 17

Aspects of Language

Back 17

Phonetics
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics

Front 18

Phonetics

Back 18

physical properties of speech sounds or signs

Front 19

Phonology

Back 19

organization of sounds within a language

Front 20

Morphology

Back 20

structure/formation of words

Morphemes - smallest comprehending sound (bound and free)

Front 21

Syntax

Back 21

sentence structure

nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, determiners

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Noun phrase

Back 22

NP = (det) adj* n

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Prepositional phrase

Back 23

PP = p np

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Verb phrase

Back 24

VP = V Adv

Front 25

Syntactic ambiguity

Back 25

More than one meaning can be discerned from a syntactically accurate sentence.
"I like talking about sex with my therapist."

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Semantics

Back 26

Meaning behind a sentence
Sentence can be syntactically correct but have no logical meaning

Front 27

Pragmatics

Back 27

How that sentence and the meaning behind that sentence relates to the context it's said in.

Front 28

Wernicke's aphasia

Back 28

can be syntactical sentences but has no meaning behind it, just word salad; can respond well but can't comprehend what you say as well

Front 29

Broca's aphasia

Back 29

Difficulty with syntax and strings of words but can understand and comprehend language and meaning

Front 30

McGurk effect

Back 30

visual system cues us to hear certain sounds, even if they aren’t being voiced

Front 31

Inductive reasoning

Back 31

general inferences go beyond specific information
"bottom-up processing"

Front 32

Deductive reasoning

Back 32

specific inferences from given premises

Front 33

Modus ponens

Back 33

• Valid
• If P → Q
• P
• Therefore, Q

Front 34

Affirming the consequent

Back 34

• Not valid (logical fallacy)
• If P → Q
• Q
• Therefore, P

Front 35

Modus tollens

Back 35

• Valid
• If P → Q
• ~Q
• Therefore, ~P

Front 36

Denying the antecedent

Back 36

• Not valid (logical fallacy)
• If P → Q
• ~P
• Therefore, ~Q

Front 37

Categorical syllogism

Back 37

• All/No/Some X are Y
• All/No/Some Z are X
• Therefore, all/no/some Z are X

Front 38

Representativeness heuristic

Back 38

strategy in which probability of a statement is based upon how much it resembles available information

Front 39

Availability heuristic

Back 39

strategy in which probability of a statement is based upon how easily instances come to mind

Front 40

Framing effects in neuroeconomics

Back 40

prisoner's dilemma
truster's dilemma
endowment effect
we are reference dependent and loss averse

Front 41

Two-action task

Back 41

Two ways to achieve a desired goal

Ghost condition
Overimitation

Front 42

Mirror neurons

Back 42

possible mechanism for learning, language, empathy?

Front 43

Communicative availability

Back 43

a

Front 44

Gaze-following

Back 44

a

Front 45

Eye Direction Detector Proposal

Back 45

a

Front 46

Direction of Attention Detector Proposal

Back 46

a

Front 47

Deception

Back 47

a

Front 48

Theory of mind

Back 48

False beliefs
Sally-Anne task
False contents task

Front 49

Environment of Evolutionary Adaptiveness

Back 49

a