Cog Sci 1

Front 1

What is VOT?

Back 1

Voice Onset Time - primary cue listeners use to distinguish [p] from [b]

Front 2

Categorical Perception

Back 2

Listeners are much better at discriminating between categories than within them

Front 3

Narrow Down Hypothesis

Back 3

Infants start with all possible sounds, then narrow down those that contrast in their language. Infants can identify complex and simple meter while western adults can only do simple.

Front 4

Problems in word learning

Back 4

What sound did you say? Darf Vader
What are you talking about now? R2D2 (not C3PO)
Where else can I use this word? Pokey-ball

Front 5

Exogenous Constraints

Back 5

Education, language

Front 6

Distribution of languages spoken in cockpit (what language for what purpose)

Back 6

English for ATC, checklists, technical terms. Japanese for everything else - cabin/crew

Front 7

Mixing language, gesture, and cultural artifacts

Back 7

FO made departure briefing while viewing departure chart. Captain drew shape of departure path with finger

Front 8

Phonological Transformations

Back 8

Accents, borrowing, "English that sounds better"

Front 9

Recipient Design

Back 9

“Arutitudooo,” “Checkriiisto”

Front 10

Why is vision hard?

Back 10

There is an infinite number of 3D scenes that could give rise to a particular 2D image

Front 11

What affects vision?

Back 11

Prior experience (Dalmatian, horses)
Surrounding visual scene (gray square in different backgrounds)
Recent prior exposure (colored line squares)
Learned familiarity with special objects (faces)
Concurrent input (beeps, mouth)

Front 12

Single Cell Electrophysiology

Back 12

Shows how a single neuron fires/what they respond to (bars)

Front 13

Optical Imaging

Back 13

What groups of neurons are responding to

Front 14

Microstimulation

Back 14

Shows how animal responds to stimulation

Front 15

V1 neurons - what/where are they?

Back 15

Primary visual cortex, handle simplest forms of vision

Front 16

Vision pathways in the brain

Back 16

Neurons near the end of the Temporal pathway respond to very complex stimuli

Front 17

Feed-forward vs Feedback

Back 17

Not feed-forward bc of what affects vision

Front 18

McGurk

Back 18

mouth; other sensory input is used in vision

Front 19

McCollough

Back 19

colored vertical and horizontal lines; visual system affected by recent exposure

Front 20

Thatcher

Back 20

upside down; learning affects visual perception system

Front 21

Computational models of brain

Back 21

Feed-forward mimic neurons

Front 22

Pragmatic Efficiency

Back 22

Faster
Fewer errors
Agents can do more complex things
Fewer serious errors; less variance
Subjects learn routines faster
Cafe

Front 23

Cognitive Efficiency

Back 23

Think better, faster
Recall better
Navigate more easily
More creative
Project more easily
Organizing blocks, thinking in images rather than words, projecting assembly

Front 24

Effectiveness

Back 24

Doing the right job, not just the right method

Front 25

Origami

Back 25

requires more than folding; some actions not required but important

Front 26

Scrabble

Back 26

people unscramble words better if they physically move the tiles

Front 27

Tetris

Back 27

physical rotation saves mental computation and is faster

Front 28

Good/bad for designing for optimality

Back 28

environments are highly adapted to activities (OR, cockpit)
too much efficiency = inflexible, too many assumptions
specialized = rigid

Front 29

Designing for experience

Back 29

light alarm, tea

Front 30

What is a meme? Where was it introduced?

Back 30

unit of cultural ideas that can be transmitter from one mind to another
coined by Richard Dawson in "The Selfish Gene"

Front 31

Examples of memes

Back 31

melodies
catch-phrases
fashion

Front 32

Mimetics

Back 32

approach to evolutionary models of cultural information transfer based on memes

Front 33

Criticism of memes

Back 33

gap in gene/meme analogy: evolution of genes depends on biological selection-pressures neither too great nor too small in relation to mutation rates. Not true in memes.

Front 34

Frontal lobe

Back 34

decisions, judgment, emotion

Front 35

Parietal lobe

Back 35

perception of stimuli related to touch

Front 36

Temporal lobe

Back 36

perception, recognition, auditory processing

Front 37

Occipital lobe

Back 37

vision

Front 38

Lateralization

Back 38

one portion of the brain is more use for a certain tast

Front 39

Wada test

Back 39

disables certain parts of the brain to see which is used for language

Front 40

Broca's area

Back 40

stores motor representation of speech

Front 41

Wernicke's area

Back 41

stores auditory representation of speech sounds

Front 42

Linguistic Relativism

Back 42

how language affects nonlinguistic cognition