Cog Psych 1

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Question

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Ans

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aquire knowledge through experience and observation.

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Empiricist

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use of logical analysis

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Rationalist

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(Wilhelm Wundt) Identify the basic elements of thought

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Structuralism

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William James) Believed that psychology should investigate the FUNCTION or purpose of CONSCIOUSNESS rather than its structure

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Functionalism

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sefulness of knowledge “What can you do with it?”

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Pragmatists

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learning as a form of association with
other ideas and events in the mind.

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Associationism

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John Watson, B.F. Skinner) Based on the premise that scientific psychology SHOULD STUDY ONLY OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR

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Behaviorism

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look at items as a whole (organized structures)

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gestalt Psychology

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results should apply to naturally occurring behavior

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Ecological Validity

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Process with no conscious control; Performed in parallel

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Automatic Processing

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processes requiring conscious control; performed serially.

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Controlled Processing

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A search involving scanning the environment for particular features

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Feature Search

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involves using a combination of features to search for items

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Conjunction search

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Overtime as we become accustom to a stimulus, we pay less attention to the stimulus.

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Habituation

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becoming accustommed to a particular sensation resulting in not noticing it to as powerfully.

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Sensory Adaptation

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One form of preconscious processing

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Subliminal Perception

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demonstration of selective attention. Subjects take longer to name the color when they are distracted by another feature of the stimulus

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Stroop Effect

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attending to stimuli for a prolonged period of time searching for a target stimulus of interest

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Vigilance

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Hit, false alarms, misses, correct rejections

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Signal-Detection Theory

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(PHYSICAL CUES; Pictorial Cues - cues to Depth): are depth or distance cues that can be seen WITH ONE EYE.

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Monocular Depth Cues

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are clues about distance Retinal Disparitthat one obtains by comparing the differing views of the two eyes.

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Binocular Depth Cues

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your two eyes send increasingly differing images to your brain as objects approach you. your brain interprets the degree of difference as an indication of distance from you.

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Retinal Disparity

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your two eyes increasingly turn inward as objects approach you, the brain interprets these musular movements as indidcations of distance from you.

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Convergence

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Helps us organize and interpret stimuli (enables us to recognize an object as far away or viewed from a different angle)

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Perceptual Constancy

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we tend to group elements that combine to form a good figure.

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LAW OF PRAGNANZ

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Whole maybe greater than the sum of its parts.

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GESTALT

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(data driven processing): Stresses the
importance of the stimulus in pattern recognition.

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Bottom-Up Theories

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[bottom] (Gibson): suggests we do not needed our previous experience; just the information in the sensory receptors and sensory content.

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Direct Perception

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comparison of a stimulus to a set of specific pattern that you have stored in memory

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Template Theories

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more flexible versions of template matching theories.

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Prototype Theories

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we make discriminations between letters on the basis of a small number of characteristics

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Feature Theories

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(Biederman): a given view of an object can be represented as an arrangement of simple 3-D shapes called geons (geometrical ions).

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RECOGNITION-BY-COMPONENTS THEORY

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This view stresses how a person’s concepts and higher level processing influence pattern recognition

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Top-Down (Conceptually driven processing

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intelligent perception): Higher order thinking plays a role in perception.

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Constructive Perception

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the conversion of energy from the environment into a pattern of responses by the nervous system

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sensation

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is an ACTIVE PROCESS. It involves recognizing, identifying, and assigning meaning to stimulus events.

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perception

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- “Computer Metaphor”
- Humans actively seek information about the world
- Information processed sequentially (serial)

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information processing approach