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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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FC Bartlett
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ran labs at Cambridge; studied for meaningful material using pictures and stories; wrote "remembering", 1932; studies shadowed modern psych
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Reconstructive Memory Processes
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*Ss asked to recall after each presentation
-Repeated Reproduction- reproducing material over and over again -Serial Reproductio- story read to one S, then repeated to another |
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Schemas
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existing knowledge and beliefs
*make stories more coherent- change details *details not retained when they don't fit existing schema |
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Alport and Postman (1947)
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Psychology of Rumor
*taps racism schema |
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Dooling and Lackman (1971)
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Gerald Martin vs. Adolf Hitler
*existing knowledge used to guide recognition |
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Reproductive Memory
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level of accuracy immediately following reading passage
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constructive memory
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the making of inferences as you read the passage
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reconstructive memory
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drawing of inferences at time of retrieval
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Loftus (1979)
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eyewitness testimony
-video on car accident *barn vs no barn -17% ID'd -false memory syndrome research |
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Anderson and Bauer (1973)
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HAM-Human Associative Memory
Proposition- representation of linguistic structure |
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Context-Fact
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Context-where and when
fact-holds info |
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Location-Time
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creates context
location-where time-when |
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Subject-Predicate
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forms a fact
subject-what the fact is about predicate- what happens to subject |
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Relation-Object
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forms a predicate
describes relationship between sub/obj |
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Terminal NOde
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bottom most node
represented by words |
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HAMs match process
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1. parses information into tree
2. matches terminal nodes with locations in LTM 3. attempts to find tree similar in LTM |
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Sachs, 1967
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*read Ss a story
*after specific sentences, stopped and read similar sentences *sentences were either identical, or slightly changed (semantic or syntax) *stores meaning of passage, not wording |
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Story Grammars
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schema of how we mentally represent content of story
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Schank and Abelson (1977)
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Scripts- representations or schema for events
frames/slots *hierarchy |
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Bower, Black and Turner (1979)
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-Ss reported 20 most important events in an episode
-73% said typical restaurant sequence -given some typical and some scattered schemas *at later recall, Ss recalled them in order |
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Linguistic Competence
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studied by linguists
*knowledge of language |
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Linguistic performance
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studied by psychologists
application of knowledge of speaking/listening |
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Phonolgy
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rules of pronunciation sounds
*phenomes-basic speech sounds *morphemes- smallest unit of meaning |
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Syntactical Level
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ways words to combine to form sentences
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Semantics
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meaning of words and sentences
*associatimistic- meaning viewed as condition response *semantic memory approaches -deep- conveys meaning -surface- organization of meaning |
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Transformational Grammar
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Chomsky (1957)
NP1+V+NP2=NP2+was+V+by+NP1 |
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Problems with TG
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meaningless sentences
can not distinguish between ambiguous meanings |
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Serial Model
Fodor, Bever and Garrett (1974) |
formants-> phonemes->words->transitional rules->meaning
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referential arena
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where non-linguistic information is translated to be used by linguistic systems
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reference
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mentioning or illusion to an element somewhere else in the passage
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inference
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drawing on conclusions
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Reading research
Just and Carpenter (1980;1987) |
online task
fixation duration mirror and camera |
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assumptions of reading research
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immediacy-words of content are interpreted immediately
eye-mind- the more time spent on a word, the more mental work is being done |
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Discourse Plans
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speakers decide what discourse they are using
instructions vs. telling a story |
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Utterance Plans
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creating utterances to convey right message
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Constituent Plans
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words, phrases correctly selected
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Articulatory Program
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words held in WM
includes speech sounds |
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Articulation
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Program is executed
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speakers linguistic devices
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knowledge of the listener
cooperative principle (grice, 1975) reality principle social context |
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turntaking
Sacks et al. (1974) |
1. the next speaker is the person who is addressed
2. the next turn goes to the person who speaks first 3. the next turn goes to the current speaker if she/she responds before anyone else *rules are prioritized |
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Adjacency Pairs
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a turn taken between each the speaker and listener
*q and a *greeting/greeting *offer-acceptance/rejection *compliment acceptance/rejection *assertion-acknowledgement *request-grant |
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opening convo
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summons sequence
must be willing to comply |
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closing convo
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preclosing
closing |
